长期施肥对黄土高原梯田土壤养分特征和微生物资源限制的影响

长期不同施肥处理会改变土壤的理化性质和微生物生物量,但长期不同施肥对黄土高原梯田土壤微生物胞外酶活性变化和养分特征的影响尚不清楚.本研究以中国科学院安塞水土保持综合试验站长期养分定位试验样地为基础,分析了不施肥(CK)、有机肥与氮肥混施(MN)、有机肥与磷肥混施(MP)、有机肥、氮肥与磷肥混施(MNP)、单施有机肥(M...     

The physiological response and iron and potassium contents in the hairy roots of Brassica rape L. Under cadmium stress北大核心CSCD

The experiments were conducted to investigate the tolerance and enrichment capabilities by elucidating the physiological response and cadmium impact on iron and potassium accumulation amounts of brassica rape hairy roots under different cadmium concentrations by using liquid suspension culture method. The results showed the following. (1) The growth of hairy roots was not significantly different under low cadmium concentrations (below 100 μmol/L), whereas it was obviously inhibited under high cadmium concentrations (more than 100 μmol/L). Further, the maximum fresh weight of brassica rape hairy roots reached 4.34 g under 25 μmol/L cadmium stress after 7 days. (2) The content of ROS in brassica rape hairy roots increased with increasing concentrations of cadmium; the antioxidant enzyme activities of brassica rape hairy roots (SOD, POD, and CAT) decreased first and then increased with increasing cadmium concentrations under 1-day stress, whereas showed an opposite trend under 7-day stress. (3) PI staining and MDA content indicated that cellular damage was more serious with increasing cadmium concentrations. (4) With the increase of cadmium concentrations, cadmium content of hairy roots increased and reached maximum of 2.97 mg/g under 400 μmol/L cadmium stress after 7 days. The iron content also increased significantly with the maximal weight of 14.52 mg/g after 1-day cadmium stress, whereas no significant difference was noted under 7-day cadmium stress. The potassium content under 7-day cadmium stress was 1.6 times of that after 1-day stress (15.73 mg/g). The study showed that the physiological response of Brassica rape hairy roots was correlated with the concentration and time of cadmium stress. Moreover, cadmium stress caused metabolic disorders of iron and potassium in the hairy roots, but the hairy roots of Brassica rape had better enrichment effect on cadmium. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Expression and regulation of the shikimic acid pathway gene DHD/SDH in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)北大核心CSCD

3-Dehydroquinic acid dehydrase/shikimate dehydrogenase (DHD/SDH) is the only bifunctional enzyme in the shikimic acid pathway. It can catalyze the generation of shikimic acid and gallic acid. To investigate the expression and regulation patterns of DHD/SDH in tea, we aimed to determine (1) the miRNA-mediated cleavage of DHD/SDH involved in the shikimic acid pathway, (2) the expression pattern of miRNA and their targets, and (3) the expression pattern of three DHD/SDH genes in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) with different hormone treatments via online prediction, RLM-RACE, and qPCR. Based on the miRNAs obtained, we identified four miRNAs that regulated CsDHD/SDH in tea. CsDHD/SDH2 was targeted by miR5180b, miR1510b-5p, and miR24; CsDHD/SDH3 was targeted by miR868-5p. We also found that CsDHD/SDH2 and CsDHD/SDH3 have a similar expression pattern under different hormone treatments, and they were synergistic with each other. CsDHD/SDH1 exhibited an expression pattern opposite to that of the other two homologues, and increased expression of CsDHD/SDH1 reduced the expression of the other two genes. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effects of β-cyclodextrins on the enzymatical hydrolysis of chiral dichlorprop methyl ester

The effect of β-cyclodextrins(β-CDs) on the enzymatical hydrolysis of chiral dichlorprop methyl ester (DCPPM) was studied.Four kinds of β-cyclodextrins(β-cyclodextrin, Partly methylated-CD( PM-β-CD), hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin(HP-β-CD) and carboxymethylcyclodextrin(CM-β-CD) ) were used. Compared with 100% DCPPM in the absence of β-cyclodextrins, the activity of lipase decreased with the increase of β-cyclodextrin and PM-β-cyclodextrin. However, CM-β-cyclodextrin stimulated the lipase activity. The inhibition effect of β-cyclodextrin and PM-β-cyclodextrin on the hydrolysis of DCPPM is affected by many factors other than degree of the methylation blocking the active site of lipase. UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy studies of the complexation of aqueous DCPPM with β-CDs provide fresh insight into the molecular structure of the complex and explain the effects of β-CDs on enzymatical hydrolysis of chiral DCPPM. Data showed that inclusion complexes had formed by complexation of the CM-β-CD with DCPPM and the solubility of DCPPM was increased in water, which leaded to the increased lipase activity.     

土壤干旱胁迫对Larrea tridentata叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响

Larrea tridentata是一种亚热带沙漠中常绿的含树脂的灌木,有很高的生态价值和药用价值。在不同土壤干旱胁迫条件下,测量了L.tridentata叶片具有生物学活性物质的含量变化。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫的加重,L.tridentata保护酶活性与MDA含量的整体趋势都是先升高,在土壤水势达到-2.415 MPa时,有所下降。L.tridentata体内重要的渗透调节物质脯氨酸的质量分数总体成上升趋势。可见,保护酶及渗透调节对L.tridentata提高自身的抗旱性有重要作用。     

环草隆对城市绿地重金属污染土壤有机氮矿化、基础呼吸及相关酶活性的影响

城市土壤重金属和有机污染物复合污染广泛存在,而城市草坪除草剂的应用使城市绿地土壤的农药污染问题成为了新的关注点。为了准确评价城市绿地重金属污染土壤的农药污染生态风险,选择不同重金属污染程度的土壤为研究对象,以土壤有机氮矿化量、基础呼吸以及土壤酶活性为指标,采用室内模拟试验方法,探讨了草坪除草剂环草隆污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应。结果表明:(1)土壤有机氮矿化、基础呼吸、芳基硫酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酶对重金属和环草隆污染响应较为敏感,脲酶和蔗糖酶对重金属和环草隆污染不敏感。(2)环草隆浓度为0~1 000 mg·kg~(-1)范围内,和污染较轻的样点N土壤的碱性磷酸酶活性抑制(激活)率的线性相关关系显著,和污染较为严重的样点D和G土壤的芳基硫酸酯酶活性抑制(激活)率的线性关系显著。(3)土壤中环草隆对样点D和G土壤芳香硫酸酯酶活性、对样点N土壤碱性磷酸酶活性抑制(激活)率的EC10分别为568 mg·kg~(-1)、1 306 mg·kg~(-1)(抑制值)和56 mg·kg~(-1)(激活值)、99 mg·kg~(-1),EC50分别为1 901 mg·kg~(-1)、3 806 mg·kg~(-1)、2 321 mg·kg~(-1)。以上研究结果能够为城市土壤重金属和农药复合污染生态风险评价提供基础数据和技术方法。     

水分胁迫下内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内保护酶系统活力的影响

比较了两种不同的水分胁迫方式（田间干旱迫和温室渗透胁迫）下,内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内SOD、POD和CAT活性以及MDA含量变化的影响,结果表明,当植物未遭受水分胁迫时,感染植株叶内SOD和POD活性明显高于非感染植株,在温室渗透胁迫下,随着胁迫强度和胁迫时间的增加,感染植株叶内SOD活性明显高于非感染植株,MDA含量大大低于非感染植株,而在田间干旱胁迫下,感染植株的这种优势表现得并不明显,图2表2参23     

多金属硫化物矿区不同品种水稻根际土壤酶活的变化

选取酸性矿山废水污灌形成的多重金属污染水稻土,采用多格层根际箱模拟水稻根际环境,研究高镉积累水稻长香谷fOryzasativaL．cv．Choukoukoku）和低镉积累水稻金农丝苗（OryzasativaL．cv．Jinnongsimiao）2个品种水稻生育中后期（分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期、蜡熟期）根际土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征。结果表明：高镉积累水稻比低镉积累水稻各时期根际土壤脲酶活性低,随着生育期的延长,2个品种水稻土壤脲酶活性先降低后升高（分蘖期酶活性最高）,2种水稻土壤脲酶活性均在根际s0层达到最高,但其他各层土壤脲酶活性与根系距离无显著关系。随着水稻生育期的延长,高镉积累水稻根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性先升高（在孕穗期酶活性达最高）,随后降低;低镉积累水稻土壤酸性磷酸酶活性则在分蘖期最高,之后逐渐降低。除分蘖期高镉积累水稻土壤酸性磷酸酶活性低于低镉积累水稻酶活性外,其他2个时期前者酸性磷酸酶酶活性均高于后者的酶活。2个品种水稻土壤过氧化氢酶活性随生育期延长不断升高,在整个生育后期,高镉吸收水稻比低镉吸收水稻各时期土壤过氧化氢酶活性高,但在蜡熟期时两者无显著差异;在各时期2种水稻过氧化氢酶活性在根系S0层达到最大,随着与水稻根系距离的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势。可见,在多重金属污染矿区,土壤酶活性明显受水稻品种、水稻生长时期和水稻根系的影响。该结果可以为研究多重金属污染矿区分析土壤酶活性与不同重金属积累程度的水稻品种作物相关关系提供数据支持,给农业生产及土壤修复提供依据。     

S-TE剩余污泥溶解过程中VSS的变化研究

从土壤中筛选出1株能分泌胞外酶、促进污泥溶解的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌Bacillus stearothermophilusAT07-1,将AT07-1培养液接种到不同浓度（TSS约为7.5、14.5、20.5 g/L）的剩余污泥中,于65℃进行嗜热菌溶解试验,并与未接种试验进行对比。结果表明,接种嗜热菌AT07-1促进了污泥中悬浮固体的溶解。60h时接种试验VSS的溶解率分别为61.41%、53.79%、41.86%,比不接种试验同期分别提高了27.57%、25.24%、16.26%。试验条件下VSS溶解过程在初始阶段（t=3d）符合一级反应动力学模型,接种后溶解速率常数Kd显著提高,从0.12 d-1、0.08 d-1、0.09 d^-1分别增加到0.27 d^-1、0.24 d^-1、0.13 d^-1。     

细胞色素P450酶系作为生物标志物在毒理学上的应用

细胞色素P450酶系是一种血红素-硫铁蛋白(heme-thiolate protein)，它是由结构和功能相关的超家族(superfamily)基因编码的含铁血红素同工酶组成。对许多内源性和外源性的化学物质尤其是对环境有害化合物存在有氧氧化代谢作用以实现机体的解毒作用，但在某些情况下，外来物质可能被转化为具细胞毒性、致突变性或致癌作用更强的物质，起毒性活化作用。本文对细胞色素P450的研究简史及其作为生物标志物在毒理学上的应用作了简要的综述。提出细胞色素P450酶系在毒理学上的意义是可作为污染物潜在影响的早期预警信号系统对环境污染上物进行监测和预报，且对于制定预防性的管理措施，及时避免或减轻环境污染的损害都具有重要意义。