Contaminant transport in dual-porosity media with dissolved organic matter and bacteria present as mobile colloids

In riverbank filtration, contaminant transport is affected by colloidal particles such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacterial particles. In addition, the subsurface heterogeneity influences the behavior of contaminant transport in riverbank filtration. A mathematical model is developed to describe the contaminant transport in dual-porosity media in the presence of DOM and bacteria as mobile colloids. In the model development, a porous medium is divided into the mobile and immobile regions to consider the presence of ineffective micropores in physically heterogeneous riverbanks. We assume that the contaminant transport in the mobile region is controlled by the advection and dispersion while the contaminant transport in the immobile region occurs due to the molecular diffusion. The contaminant transfer between the mobile and immobile regions takes place by diffusive mass transfer. The mobile region is conceptualized as a four-phase system: two mobile colloidal phases, an aqueous phase, and a solid matrix. The complete set of governing equations is solved numerically with a fully implicit finite difference method. The model results show that in riverbank filtration, the contaminant can migrate further than expected due to the presence of DOM and bacteria. In addition, the contaminant mobility increases further in the presence of the immobile region in aquifers. A sensitivity analysis shows that in dual-porosity media, earlier breakthrough of the contaminant takes place as the volumetric fraction of the mobile region decreases. It is also demonstrated that as the contaminant mass transfer rate coefficient between the mobile and immobile regions increases, the contaminant concentration gradient between the two regions reverses at earlier pore volumes. The contaminant mass transfer coefficient between the mobile and immobile regions mainly controls the tailing effect of the contaminant breakthrough. The contaminant breakthrough curves are sensitive to changes in contaminant adsorption and desorption rate coefficients on DOM and bacteria. In situations where the contaminant is released in the presence of DOM and bacteria in dual-porosity media, the early breakthrough and tailing occur due to the colloidal facilitation and presence of immobile regions.     

Infiltration and redistribution of LNAPL into unsaturated layered porous media

Enhanced understanding of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) infiltration into heterogeneous porous media is important for the effective design of remediation strategies. We used a 2-D experimental facility that allows for visual observation of LNAPL contours in order to study LNAPL redistribution in a layered porous medium. The layers are situated in the unsaturated zone near the watertable and they are inclined to be able to observe the effect of discontinuities in capillary forces and relative permeabilities. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of LNAPL infiltration into a fine sand matrix with a coarse sand layer, and the second experiment consisted of a coarse sand matrix and a fine sand layer. The numerical multi-phase flow model STOMP was validated with regard to the experimental results. This model is able to adequately reproduce the experimental LNAPL contours. Numerical sensitivity analysis was also performed. The capillarity contrast between sands was found to be the main controlling factor determining the final LNAPL distribution.     

Three-dimensional diffusion of non-sorbing species in porous sandstone: computer simulation based on X-ray microtomography using synchrotron radiation

The diffusion pathways of porous sandstone were examined by a three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) using the SPring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV, Hyogo, Japan) synchrotron radiation facility. The analysis was undertaken to develop better understanding of the diffusion pathways in natural rock as a key factor in clarifying the detailed mechanism of the diffusion of radionuclides and water molecules through the pore spaces of natural barriers in underground nuclear waste disposal facilities. A cylindrical sample (diameter 4 mm, length 6 mm) of sandstone (porosity 0.14) was imaged to obtain a 3-D image set of 450(3) voxels=2.62(3) mm(3). Through cluster-labeling analysis of the 3-D image set, it was revealed that 89% of the pore space forms a single large pore-cluster responsible for macroscopic diffusive transport, while only 11% of the pore space is made up of isolated pores that are not involved in long-range diffusive transport. Computer simulations of the 3-D diffusion of non-sorbing random walkers in the largest pore cluster were performed to calculate the surface-to-volume ratio of the pore, tortuosity (diffusion coefficient in free space divided by that in porous rock). The results showed that (i) the simulated surface-to-volume ratio is about 60% of the results obtained by conventional pulsed-field-gradient proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) laboratory experiments and (ii) the simulated tortuosity is five to seven times larger than the results of laboratory diffusion experiments using non-sorbing I(-) and Br(-). These discrepancies are probably attributed to the intrinsic sample heterogeneity and limited spatial resolution of the CT system. The permeability was also estimated based on the NMR diffusometry theory using the results of the random walk simulations via the Kozeny-Carman equation. The estimated permeability involved an error of about 20% compared with the permeability measured by the conventional method, suggesting that the diffusometry-based NMR well logging with gradient coils is applicable to the in-situ permeability measurement of strata. The present study demonstrated that X-ray CT using synchrotron radiation is a powerful tool for obtaining 3-D pore structure images without the beam-hardening artifacts inevitable in conventional CT using X-ray tubes.     

牡蛎壳填料浸没式生物滤池的除磷特性

探讨如何提高普通浸没式生物滤池除磷效果为目的，采用牡蛎壳为填料，通过改变水力停留时间来考察牡蛎壳和陶粒两种填料的浸没式生物滤柱对CODMn、NH4^ -N以及PO^3--P的去除特性。结果表明，与陶粒填料相比牡蛎壳填料在对PO4^3--P的去除方面具有明显的优势，牡蛎壳良好的除磷性能主要是通过生物诱导的化学沉淀来实现的。     

甑皮岩洞穴遗址地下水的水-气界面H2S气体的产生机理

桂林甑皮岩洞穴遗址是我国新石器时代洞穴遗址的典型代表。污染物进入到以裂隙介质为主地下水所形成的还原环境后,其性质可能会改变从而侵蚀遗址文化层。本文通过采集地下水水-气界面的H₂S和CH₄气体,结合硫酸盐的硫同位素δ³⁴S-SO₄^2-、溶解有机碳（DOC）、化学需氧量（COD）、硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）等指标,研究遗址地下水水-气界面侵蚀性气体H₂S的产生机理。结果表明：甑皮岩水体SO₄^2-浓度范围为0.57~131.00 mg/L,其空间分布不均匀,来源主要受到大气降水、硫化物矿物的氧化及微生物硫酸盐还原的影响;丰富的有机质为硫酸盐还原提供能量,DOC与COD浓度存在空间差异,高值均位于人类活动强烈的径流上游区;SRB普遍参与硫酸盐还原作用,气温、降水和有机质决定SRB数量在时空上表现为雨季 > 旱季、地表水 > 地下水;气温较高促进H₂S的形成,SRB与环境的还原程度均影响H₂S和CH₄浓度。H₂S性质不稳定易氧化为硫酸,若继续聚集将加剧遗址的化学侵蚀。建议增加污染物的运移和反应产物的监测,关注遗址的保存环境。     

不同挂膜方式成熟滤料去除地下水中As(Ⅲ)研究

通过动力学和动态柱实验对比研究了不同挂膜方式成熟滤料去除地下水中As（Ⅲ）效能.并采用SEM-EDS?XRD及FTIR等表征手段对滤料形态和结构进行了分析.结果表明,两种滤料的形貌具有较大差异.采用化学挂膜的滤料去除As（Ⅲ）性能更优.二级动力学模型能较好地模拟两种滤料除As（Ⅲ）动力学过程,自然挂膜滤料和化学挂膜滤料拟合速率常数分别为8.568×10^-6和14.248×10^-6mg/（g·min）.Yan模型对动态柱实验穿透曲线的拟合系数R²>0.999.通过脱附再生实验,发现0.5mol/L的NaHCO₃作为脱附剂可使滤料有效再生.对比过滤前后滤料的XRD分析结果,滤料结构变化不大,除砷能力稳定.滤料表面铁锰氧化物含量直接影响滤料除As（Ⅲ）性能.两种滤料在除砷过程中均消耗了羟基.本研究为不同方法去除地下水中As（Ⅲ）提供了理论支撑,具有一定工程指导意义.     

Microbial growth and transport in porous media under denitrification conditions: experiments and simulations

Soil column experiments were conducted to study bacterial growth and transport in porous media under denitrifying conditions. The study used a denitrifying microbial consortium isolated from aquifer sediments sampled at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford site. One-dimensional, packed-column transport studies were conducted under two substrate loading conditions. A detailed numerical model was developed to predict the measured effluent cell and substrate concentration profiles. First-order attachment and detachment models described the interphase exchange processes between suspended and attached biomass. Insignificantly different detachment coefficient values of 0.32 and 0.43 day⁻¹, respectively, were estimated for the high and low nitrate loading conditions (48 and 5 mg l⁻¹ NO₃, respectively). Comparison of these values with those calculated from published data for aerobically growing organisms shows that the denitrifying consortium had lower detachment rate coefficients. This suggests that, similar to detachment rates in reactor-grown biofilms, detachment in porous media may increase with microbial growth rate. However, available literature data are not sufficient to confirm a specific analytical model for predicting this growth dependence.     

实用厨房油雾净化设备研制

针对厨房外排油雾气的实际情况，在调研国内外现有油雾净化设备的基础上，通过对过滤材料的实验研究，研制出新型的油雾滴过滤方法并开发出相应的设备。方法的关键在于滤料的布置方式。新的滤料布置方式在０３ｍ／ｓ的滤速时，效率高，保护作用时间长，阻力仅５００Ｐａ左右。实际运行的结果表明：该实用厨房油雾净化设备具有去油雾效果好、性能稳定、体积小、维护操作方便且无二次污染等特点。     

松散破碎岩石中气体渗流影响因素实验研究

由于储煤仓结构设计较为封闭,通风效果较差,导致煤仓内部残存瓦斯不能有效地排放,极易造成煤仓内瓦斯超限。通过对原煤仓内部空气渗流规律进行研究,可以对其进行合理地通风,从而有效地治理瓦斯超限问题。实验采用玻璃球体和碎石子作为填充介质,采用单一变量法研究了非均质各向同性多孔介质的渗流规律,以及非均质各向异性多孔介质的渗流规律。在此基础上得出,随着粒径和渗流速度的增加,渗透压力梯度也在增加;同时,随着粒径的增大,渗流状态由线性渗流转变为非线性渗流,渗流速度不断地减小,其渗流速度与压力梯度均呈现非线性变化规律。     

Convergence of stakeholders’ environmental threat perceptions following mass coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef

Managing human use of ecosystems in an era of rapid environmental change requires an understanding of diverse stakeholders’ behaviors and perceptions to enable effective prioritization of actions to mitigate multiple threats. Specifically, research examining how threat perceptions are shared or diverge among stakeholder groups and how these can evolve through time is increasingly important. We investigated environmental threat perceptions related to Australia's Great Barrier Reef and explored their associations before and after consecutive years of mass coral bleaching. We used data from surveys of commercial fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents (n = 5254) conducted in 2013 and 2017. Threats perceived as most serious differed substantially among groups before bleaching but were strongly aligned after bleaching. Climate change became the most frequently reported threat by all stakeholder groups following the coral bleaching events, and perceptions of fishing and poor water quality as threats also ranked high. Within each of the 3 stakeholder groups, fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents, the prioritization of these 3 threats tended to diverge in 2013, but convergence occurred after bleaching. These results indicate an emergence of areas of agreement both within and across stakeholder groups. Changes in perceptions were likely influenced by high-profile environmental-disturbance events and media representations of threats. Our results provide insights into the plasticity of environmental-threat perceptions and highlight how their convergence in response to major events may create new opportunities for strategic public engagement and increasing support for management.