PPP 模式在荒漠治理中的应用研究

作为世界上荒漠化最严重的国家之一,中国的土地荒漠化已经呈现出不断蔓延的趋势,而现有的荒漠化治理在虽然取得了一定的成果,但并未能从根本上遏制荒漠化地蔓延,主要问题在于治理的方式和投资资金的管理能力不足。在荒漠化治理中引入PPP模式,使政府部门和私营部门之间实现优势互补,风险共担,将政府在治理荒漠化中的社会责任感和私营企业高效的运营能力相结合,实现荒漠化治理中的共赢,才能够有效的解决当前面临的荒漠化形势。     

Strategies to combat desertification for the twenty-first century in China

SUMMARY

During the past half century, China has experienced increasingly severe land degradation, soil erosion, and desert expansion. Desertification is affecting one third of China's total territory and the annual accelerating rate of desertification spread is as high as 2460 km² in China. In 1996, China developed a National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (NAP), which is aimed to apply new legal measures and technical approaches to slow down desertification processes and achieve a long-term goal — control desertification and alleviate poverty through continuous efforts to fight against desertification, stabilize mobile dunes, revegetate degraded rangeland and control soil erosion in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas. The long-term and integrated strategies of China's NAP result in encouragement of social participation, legal institutional guarantees, policy making, and establishment of demonstrations/pilot projects to combat desertification at both national and provincial level.     

湖南省宁乡县巷子口—沩山荒漠化治理研究

巷子口—沩山地处我国南方红壤丘陵地区。由于长期过度砍伐和陡坡开垦等不合理人为活动的影响，加上降雨多且暴雨集中、丘陵地形和花岗岩母质的自然条件，这里由水蚀导致的荒漠化一度比较严重，１９８２年以来，采取封禁与造林相结合恢复植被、多途径解决农村能源问题、坡耕地退耕还林、广泛开展宣传、加强机构建设、落实政策、加强监督等措施，开展了荒漠化治理，取得了显著的生态和经济效益。     

Connecting Research to Combating Desertification

With and without the encouragement of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and its Committee on Science and Technology, scientific research has been undertaken throughout the drylands with the expectation of contributing to combating desertification. Little of this research has been applied in developing countries for its identified purpose. The main reason for this is the limited translation of scientific research into an accessible format for application by development agencies or rural communities.     

关于中国西南石漠化的若干问题

石漠化是西南岩溶山地脆弱生态系统发生的土地退化。根据已有的经验和研究成果,深入探讨了中国西南岩溶山地喀斯特石漠化的科学内涵、成因、发展过程、评价指标及防治机理等。土壤和植被是岩溶环境中最为敏感的自然环境要素,可能是石漠化过程的主要自然成因,而以土地利用为表现形式的强烈人类活动为驱动力;石漠化的发生发展过程即人为过程→生物学过程→加速的地学过程。石漠与石漠化,二者属于完全不同的范畴,不同空间尺度的石漠化评价应有不同的评价指标、标准和石漠化生态基准的多样性,以便为石漠化的演化研究及生态重建起一定的参考作用。鉴于石漠化现象在我国现实中存在的客观性、在理论概念上的模糊性及在生态治理中的急迫性,有必要加强石漠化在不同时空尺度下的驱动机制研究,特别是人类驱动力的研究,加强原生岩溶生态系统和受损岩溶生态系统运行规律的研究。     

Connecting Community Action and Science to Combat Desertification: Evaluation of a Process

Combating desertification requires the involvement of many people ranging from communities who experience the effects on a daily basis and scientists attempting to understand the biophysical and socio-economic causes and consequences of desertification, to developers and policy makers on all levels. In many instances, however, the understanding, approaches and actions of these different groups contradict rather than support one another. Over the period 2000 to 2002, a conference process undertaken in southern Africa brought together communities, scientists, and development workers to test the concept that they could connect and work together to combat desertification, given an appropriate framework. The conference was a success, and communities, scientists and developers did exchange experience, knowledge and information. Many lessons were learned, although some pitfalls were experienced. Time, funding, enhanced communication, and good will are the primary ingredients for ensuring that different sectors complement one another in their efforts to combat desertification.     

Combating Desertification: Building on Traditional Knowledge Systems of the Thar Desert Communities

The Thar Desert of western India is known for its rich and ancient culture system and traditions. The communities have long been part of the Thar Desert ecosystem and have evolved specific strategies to live in harmony with its hostile environment. This culture has provided several miracle plants of immense food and medicinal value to modern civilisation. The ancient rural livelihood knowledge system reflects time-tested techno-scientific knowledge with a proven track record of sustainability, especially during natural hazards like drought and famines. In addition, several of the traditional skills of local communities in arts and crafts, music and instruments have made modern man aware of the art and techniques of sustainably utilising local biological resources and preserving their biodiversity along with using waste products of the forests, without harming the desert ecosystem. Traditional cultural and socio-religious values are fast dwindling under the impact of materialistic approach, industrialisation and development. This paper endeavours to illustrate the need to assist and propagate indigenous rural livelihood systems rather than mindlessly replace or abandon them as a result of state bureaucracies.     

中国南方岩溶区石漠化研究

对中国南方岩溶区石漠化现状及成因进行了分析,提出应采取降低土地垦殖率,优化产业结构、恢复植被、环境移民、提高人口素质等手段防治石漠化。     

东北平原西部沙地的气候变异与土地荒漠化

东北平原西部沙地位于欧亚大陆中纬度巨型沙带的东部边缘 ,为我国荒漠化土地的东缘。随着经济的发展 ,生态环境遭到严重破坏 ,荒漠化景观日益明显 ,前景令人堪忧。气候因素是荒漠化发展的一个基本因素 ,东北平原西部沙地是我国北方气候条件最好的沙区 ,但目前对于区域荒漠化驱动因子的气候因素影响方面的研究未开展系统的工作。论文系统分析了东北平原西部沙地影响荒漠化的现代气候因素特点 ,探讨了在较好气候条件下气候变异、人类活动与荒漠化之间的关系 ,并根据气候发展趋势预测了未来在自然因素作用下沙地的可能发展趋势。     

湘西大龙洞岩溶流域生态环境分析与治理对策

湘西岩溶区是我国西南岩溶区具有一定代表性的岩溶石山地区,其岩溶生态环境对湘西国民经济建设进程有重大影响,岩溶生态环境治理是湘西社会经济可持续发展首先要解决的问题。大龙洞岩溶台地是湘西少数民族聚居地之一,土地贫瘠,水资源开发利用困难。植被覆盖率低、地表水资源贫乏、地下水位埋深大、石漠化与水土流失等严重制约了当地的经济的发展。在研究湘西大龙洞岩溶流域自然地理与地质构造、岩溶水资源、土地与植被环境等特征的基础上,分析大龙洞岩溶流域石漠化等生态环境问题,并根据大龙洞岩溶流域生态环境特点,提出了相应的治理对策,为大龙洞岩溶流域生态环境治理提供科学依据,也为西南岩溶石山石漠化治理提供可借鉴的技术方法。