胞外酶对堆肥中微生物群落演替的影响

研究了添加黄孢原毛平革菌胞外酶对农业废物堆肥中木质纤维素降解及微生物群落演替的影响.结果表明,堆肥初期,胞外酶对微生物生长具有抑制作用,且随堆肥时间的延长逐渐减弱;堆肥后期,胞外酶可提高微生物群落的多样性和均匀性,并促进木质素和半纤维素的大量降解.醌指纹数据显示,胞外酶并未引起新的优势醌的出现,进入高温期后,以MK-7为主要醌类的微生物作为优势菌群,且这种优势一直存在;堆肥后期胞外酶对甲基萘醌影响较大,可促进长链甲基萘醌的出现.主成分分析表明,胞外酶对醌种类演替的影响主要作用在3d和40d,这与非相似性指数结果一致,并使真菌在整个体系中影响力加大.     

典型铝合金在江津自然大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

通过在我国江津典型工业污染大气环境进行大气暴晒实验,测定了1060纯铝、2A12铝合金和7A04铝合金在该地区的腐蚀速率,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散X射线谱（EDX）、红外光谱（FT—IR）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）观察分析3种铝合金腐蚀表面形貌、元素分布和腐蚀产物结构。结果表明：随腐蚀时间的延长,铝及其合金腐蚀产物不断增多,失重数值增加,腐蚀失重与时间的关系呈幂函数规律（C—A t^n）;腐蚀产物形貌呈块状或粒状,呈现不均匀的凹凸形貌;腐蚀产物主要为Al（OH）3和Al2（SO4）3·14H2O;耐蚀性能由强至弱依次为1060〉2A12〉7A04。     

电磁混响室的理论设计与场均匀性仿真

总结了混响室腔室和搅拌器的设计准则,并依此完成了最低可用频率为400MHz的混响室腔室和搅拌器的设计。利用FEKO软件对混响室建模,进行场均匀性仿真,计算工作区8个位置的电场,得到场标准偏差。仿真结果表明,设计的混响室性能完全符合标准IEC61000-4-21的规定,电场均匀性小于3dB。     

The method for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline based on the improved ITA and ALO

To solve the problems of the difficulty in early leakage monitoring and larger positioning error for urban hazardous chemicals pipelines, the optimized method based on the improved Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) and Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) was proposed. Firstly, based on the obtained experiment's results of leakage of natural gas in the non-metallic pipeline, the segment classification method was incorporated into the pressure gradient calculation. The modified method can adapt to the multi-node characteristics of urban pipe networks and help to obtain the preliminary positioning calculation results after optimization. Then the calculation results were embedded in the ITA calculation model. The input parameters of the gas pipeline such as boundary conditions, leakage rate and friction coefficient were used to establish the characteristic linear equations. Then the objective function of the least-squares criterion was defined, and the improved ITA model suitable for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline networks was constructed. Finally, the ALO was used to optimize the calculation process of the improved ITA model, and iteratively optimize the optimal friction coefficient and its corresponding minimum objective function (OF) value. As a result, a more precise location of the leakage source was calculated. The validation of the modified method is conducted by comparing the calculated values with the experiment's results. The results show that the method can accurately predict the location where the pipeline leakage occurs. The minimum error is 3.17%. Compared with the traditional ITA, this method not only accelerates the convergence speed of the objective function, but also improves the accuracy of location calculation.     

考虑气液置换的压回法气井压井过程对井底压力的影响*

为在压回法气井压井计算中进一步贴合现场实际情况,提出新的压回法气井压井过程计算方法。在压井过程中,考虑压井液与侵入井筒的气体发生置换,导致井筒流体自上而下分布为液－气液２相－气－气液２相的实际问题,建立压井过程模型,并对井底压力的变化进行计算分析。结果表明:发生气液置换对压回法压井过程井底压力以及注入压力具有明显影响,考虑气液置换对井底压力的控制可更加精确,同时,气液置换越多,压回过程所需要的注入压力越大,易引起更加严重事故。因此,气液置换过程在压回法压井过程不可忽略。     

基于随机森林的飞机长着陆预警方法

为降低飞机冲出跑道事故造成的人员伤亡和财产损失,以长着陆事件为研究对象,探讨1种有效的长着陆事件预警方法。提出应用随机森林模型对长着陆事件进行预警,给出模型的特征筛选、构建及评价方法,并使用实际飞行数据验证模型有效性。结果表明:基于随机森林的飞机长着陆预警模型精确率为88.41%,召回率为87.14%,模型可以有效对长着陆事件进行预警。     

生产安全领域科研项目成果评价指标与评价方法研究*

为了更全面、更准确地开展生产安全领域科研项目成果的评价工作,以国家对科技成果评价的相关法规与标准为指引,结合生产安全领域科研项目成果的自身特点,基于德尔菲法从“学术与技术水平”、“成果效益”和“成果影响”3个方面构建相应的多层次评价指标体系;结合生产安全领域科研项目成果特点,提出综合采用同行评议法、多维指数评价法、层次分析法、模糊综合评价法和科学计量法的评价方法选择思路,并以Yaahp作为评价方法的配套工具进行实际应用。研究结果可为生产安全领域相关科研项目成果的评价工作提供一套从指标体系到评价方法,从评价方法到评价工具的整体解决方案。     

Advancing voluntary chemical governance? The case of the Swedish textile industry dialogue

Voluntary environmental governance is a widely used policy approach that has been criticized for its lack of effectiveness. This raises fundamental questions about how to design processes that can advance voluntary programmes in a way that makes them more successful. In this paper, we analyse a government-initiated dialogue process to phase out hazardous chemicals through voluntary action by the Swedish textile industry. The analysis shows that information transfer primarily motivated business participation, while consumer pressure, regulatory threats and traditions of government–business cooperation played minor roles. The institutional design of the dialogue ensured close interaction within a homogeneous group, but collective actions were limited by disagreement about the problems to be addressed, prior unilateral environmental commitments by leading companies, and ambivalent engagement. This case provides valuable insights into the effect of institutional design on the actual interplay between business and government and its effects on voluntary governance.     

Efficient Delineation of Nested Depression Hierarchy in Digital Elevation Models for Hydrological Analysis Using Level‐Set Method

In terrain analysis and hydrological modeling, surface depressions (or sinks) in a digital elevation model (DEM) are commonly treated as artifacts and thus filled and removed to create a depressionless DEM. Various algorithms have been developed to identify and fill depressions in DEMs during the past decades. However, few studies have attempted to delineate and quantify the nested hierarchy of actual depressions, which can provide crucial information for characterizing surface hydrologic connectivity and simulating the fill‐merge‐spill hydrological process. In this paper, we present an innovative and efficient algorithm for delineating and quantifying nested depressions in DEMs using the level‐set method based on graph theory. The proposed level‐set method emulates water level decreasing from the spill point along the depression boundary to the lowest point at the bottom of a depression. By tracing the dynamic topological changes (i.e., depression splitting/merging) within a compound depression, the level‐set method can construct topological graphs and derive geometric properties of the nested depressions. The experimental results of two fine‐resolution Light Detection and Ranging‐derived DEMs show that the raster‐based level‐set algorithm is much more efficient (~150 times faster) than the vector‐based contour tree method. The proposed level‐set algorithm has great potential for being applied to large‐scale ecohydrological analysis and watershed modeling.     

碳排放交易制度下城市减排的机会成本研究——基于中国碳排放试点城市的实证检验

作为全球气候治理的重要手段,碳排放交易制度受到了广泛的关注与讨论。基于此,本文采用我国2010-2016年城市面板数据,运用非参数方法构建方向性环境距离函数测算了2009-2015年城市减排的机会成本,计算结果显示,试点地区与非试点地区的碳排放的机会成本整体表现为上升的趋势,且试点地区的碳排放的机会成本总体低于非试点地区。在测算城市减排机会成本的基础上,运用双重差分法来检验碳排放交易制度的有效性。经检验发现：碳排放交易制度有利于降低城市减排的机会成本,然而由于碳排放交易制度还存在碳排放权初始分配制度缺失、碳排放交易制度的定价机制扭曲等问题,因此其对降低城市减排的机会成本作用较小,并且进一步通过对政策时间趋势的分析得出政策效应随时间推移而逐渐减弱。