面向2020年我国安全生产的若干战略问题思考

本文简要论述了我国现代化进程中安全生产工作的现状、发展趋势和面临的主要问题;围绕2020年实现全国安全生产状况根本性好转,安全生产水平达到或接近世界中等发达国家水平的中长期目标,分析探讨了安全专业人才、科技兴安、安全生产标准、安全培训、安全文化、中小企业安全生产与职业危害预防、土地使用安全规划与厂房选址安全、农业生产安全、公共安全与应急救援保障体系建设等若干战略问题。     

虚拟水战略:拯救民勤绿洲的新思路

位于甘肃石羊河下游的民绿洲，水资源极度缺乏，生产、生活和生态用水矛盾突出，出现了严重的生态危机，其中湖区的生态经济系统已呈“崩溃”之势。拯救民勤绿洲成为社会广泛关注的重大问题。“虚拟水”是20世纪90年代初Tony Allan提出的一个新概念，虚拟水战略是指贫水区域通过贸易的方式从富水地区购进水资源密集型产品来获得本区水资源安全的一种构想。本文通过对节水、调水、移民等常规方案与虚拟水战略的对比分析后，认为虚拟水战略是拯救民勤绿洲的一个全新思路，探讨了虚拟水战略实施的政策建议；提出了创新区域水资源管理体制和区域经济发展思路以及建立国家生态补偿机制的主张。     

灾害保险在灾害防御中的作用：以江苏省自然灾害为例

本文以江苏省的自然灾害为例,阐述了灾害保险在减轻自然灾害损失中的作用,提出在经济发达地区,灾害保险应作为灾害防御对策中的重要方面。     

Escape take-off strategies in birds: the significance of protective cover

Avian escape strategy is highly dependent on the ability to fly, and the success rate of raptor attacks is reduced if the prey gets fully airborne. Therefore, when escaping from predator attacks, the initial take-off is crucial and a rapid take-off, high velocity, and high angle of ascent maximize the chance of survival. However, due to the laws of gravity, birds face a trade-off between maximizing its linear acceleration and maximizing its rate of climb when taking off. The optimal policy between velocity and angle of ascent when a bird escapes from an attacking predator might depend on the detailed nature of the predator’s attack, the proximity to cover, and the presence of conspecifics. Many small birds rely on a quick dash to protective cover. In this study, we examine how the availability of protective cover affects take-off strategy in birds. Male great tits (Parus major) were subjected to a surprise attack by a model predator either in the presence or absence of protective cover. When attacked by the predator, great tits took off and perched in the cover when it was available. Birds subjected to the predator attack in the absence of cover took off in 10° higher angle of ascent and flew faster in the start of the take-off, compared to birds that took off in the presence of cover. Thus, this study for the first time shows that a bird do trade off speed with angle of ascent in an adaptive way, depending on the presence of protective cover.     

生态城市建设中的生态农业对策--以南京为例

建设生态城市是城市发展的必然要求。都市生态农业是建设生态城市的必要条件。本文以南京为例，讨论建设都市生态农业的具体对策。     

Formation and harmfulness of high fluoride-bearing ground-water

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Is big the best? Queen size,usurpation and nest closure in a primitively eusocial sweat bee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lasioglossum malachurum</Emphasis>)

For primitively eusocial insects in which a single foundress establishes a nest at the start of the colony cycle, the solitary provisioning phase before first worker emergence represents a risky period when other, nestless foundresses may attempt to usurp the nest. In the primitively eusocial sweat bee Lasioglossum malachurum (Hymenoptera, Halictidae), spring foundresses compete for nests which are dug into hard soil. Nest-searching foundresses (‘floaters’) frequently inspected nests during this solitary phase and thereby exerted a usurpation pressure on resident queens. Usurpation has been hypothesised to increase across the solitary provisioning phase and favour closure of nests at an aggregation, marking the termination of the solitary provisioning phase by foundresses, before worker emergence. However, our experimental and observational data suggest that usurpation pressure may remain constant or even decrease across the solitary provisioning phase and therefore cannot explain nest closure before first worker emergence. Levels of aggression during encounters between residents and floaters were surprisingly low (9% of encounters across 2 years), and the outcome of confrontations was in favour of residents (resident maintains residency in 94% of encounters across 2 years). Residents were significantly larger than floaters. However, the relationship between queen size and offspring production, though positive, was not statistically significant. Size therefore seems to confer a considerable advantage to a queen during the solitary provisioning phase in terms of nest residency, but its importance in terms of worker production appears marginal. Factors other than intraspecific usurpation need to be invoked to explain the break in provisioning activity of a foundress before first worker emergence.     

试论湖南经济新世纪发展的战略问题

名牌强省是湖南经济新世纪发展的重大战略，其基本思路应以名牌为龙头组建企业集团，实现经济的规模联动；以名牌为杠杆优化产业、产品结构，提高经济增长质量；以名牌为支撑提高企业竞争力，走名牌强省之路。     

猪瘟流行现状、特点及防制策略

本文对当前猪瘟的流行现状和新特点进行了论述并提出了针对性的防制策略．     

Defence effectiveness of easy bleeding sawfly larvae towards invertebrate and avian predators

Summary. Easy bleeding is a phenomenon discovered in some tenthredinid insects which possess a particularly low mechanical resistance of the integument, leading under mechanical stress to haemolymph exudation. It has a defensive effect against ants and wasps through harmful plant compounds which are sequestered in the haemolymph. Here we describe etho-ecological and some chemical aspects of the defence of easy bleeders and specify the range of predators to which easy bleeding might be effective. Beside a high haemolymph deterrence associated with low integument resistance across sawfly species, we also detected toxicity of the haemolymph of some species to workers of the ant Myrmica rubra. The behaviour of easy bleeders is to move slowly and, once disturbed, to become motionless, thereby probably impeding the tendency of a predator to attack. This behaviour had no beneficial effect for easy bleeders when attacked by the predatory bug Podisus maculiventris. Bugs could successfully and without harm prey on sawfly larvae without evoking easy bleeding. For the easy bleeder Athalia rosae, host plants with different secondary metabolite profiles, and, consequently, changes in haemolymph chemistry only slightly affected the feeding behaviour of the bugs. To test the effectiveness of easy bleeding towards a vertebrate predator, easy bleeders were offered to birds, Sturnus vulgaris. The body colouration of the sawfly larvae was of prime importance in determining the predators response when testing birds in a group. It is likely that easy bleeding is a defence strategy directed primarily towards foraging insects with biting-chewing mandibles and that it is much less active towards predatory insects with piercing-sucking mandibles as well as birds. The involvement of chemical and/or physical cues in the strategy is discussed with respect to these types of predators.