南京市典型地区大气多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

采用气相色谱-质谱法,于2016年9月和12月对南京市2个典型地区大气中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量浓度进行分析,并开展了PAHs组成特征、来源解析及人体健康风险评价研究。结果表明,工业区(六合区)和生活区(江宁区)大气(气态和可吸入颗粒态)中16种PAHs的质量浓度分别为914.82和712.27 ng/m~3,苯并[a]芘毒性等效浓度分别为274.1和309.84 ng/m~3,且呈现冬季高、秋季低的特征。比值法源解析结果表明,燃煤污染是六合区PAHs污染主要来源,而江宁区主要表现为交通污染。人体健康风险评价结果表明,六合区和江宁区人群通过大气吸入PAHs的超额致癌风险分别为5.17×10~(-5)和5.85×10~(-5),均略高于可接受水平10~(-6)。     

Application of CFD Methods for Modelling in Air Pollution Problems: Possibilities and Gaps

Different urban air pollution problems deal with complex structure of air flows and turbulence. For such problems the Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods become widely used. However, this approach despite a number of advantages has some problems. Experience of use of CFD tools for development of models and suggestions of their applications for a local scale air pollution over a complex terrain and stable stratification are discussed in this paper, including: Topography and complex geometry: choose of the co-ordinate system and computer grid; Turbulence closure for air pollution modelling: modified k- model for stable stratified ABL; Boundary conditions for vertical profiles of velocity for stable-stratified atmosphere; Effects of the radiation and thermal budget of inclined surfaces to dispersion of pollutants; Artificial sources of air dynamics and circulation.Some examples of CFD applications for air pollution modelling for a flat terrain, mountainous area, mining open cast and indoor ventilation are discussed. Modified k- model for stably-stratified ABL is suggested. Due to the isotropic character of the k- model a combination of it in vertical with the sub-grid turbulence closure in horizontal can be more suitable for ABL. An effective scheme of boundary conditions for velocity profiles, based on the developed similarity theory for stable-stratified ABL, is suggested. Alongside with the common studies of atmospheric dispersion, the CFD methods have also demonstrated a good potential for studying anthropogenic and artificial-ventilation sources of air dynamic and circulation in local-scale processes of air pollution.     

基于双向门控循环单元的地表水氨氮预测

为提高水环境中NH4+-N的预测精度,提出了一种互补完全集合经验模式分解(CCEEMDAN)和双向门控循环单元(BiGRU)神经网络的混合预测模型(CCB).首先,通过CCEEMDAN将NH4+-N数据分解成一系列较为简单的模态成份;然后利用BiGRU神经网络对各成份进行预测,将所有分解成份的预测结果相加即可获得最终预...     

重庆市大气污染对锌材料腐蚀的经济损失分析

简要介绍了材料大气腐蚀经济损失的估算方法,并以2002年为基准年,选择了重庆市主城中心的6个功能区作为代表性区域,运用腐蚀破坏剂量响应函数和使用寿命计算公式对锌材料的腐蚀经济损失进行了定量估算.结果表明,由大气污染腐蚀破坏锌材料造成的年直接经济损失约为4061.7万元,约为同期GDP的0.1%.其中,干沉降对经济损失总量的贡献率在71%～99%之间,均值为92%.     

免烧粉煤灰陶粒作为BAF填料处理城市污水

以电厂粉煤灰为主要试验原料,辅以外加药剂(水泥、石灰、石膏、水玻璃),经混合、成球、陈化和养护等工序,制得免烧粉煤灰陶粒,并将其作为曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺的载体填料处理城市污水.待挂膜启动成功后,考察了水力停留时间( HRT)、COD负荷、氨氮负荷对COD和氨氮去除效果的影响.实验结果表明:在温度为18～21℃、气...     

燃煤锅炉颗粒物化学组成排放特征

本研究收集了兰州市不同吨位燃煤锅炉颗粒物排放样品,分析并评估了锅炉烟气中水溶性无机离子、碳质组分、水溶性有机物(WSOC)以及多环芳烃(PAHs)的排放水平、排放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-和Ca~(2+)是燃煤锅炉样品中最主要的水溶性离子,分别占水溶性离子总和的35. 13%、23. 16%和22. 20%.不同吨位燃煤锅炉样品的OCEC及其热解成分谱较为相似,OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2和EC3分别占TC的1. 04%、8. 26%、20. 09%、6. 78%、51. 08%、7. 09%和5. 66%,其中EC1的含量最高,是最主要的碳质组分. WSOC/TC和WSOC/OC分别为0. 09±0. 07和0. 23±0. 12,且不同吨位锅炉之间差异较大.菲(Phe)、芘(Pyr)和苯并(k)荧蒽(Bk F)是PAHs的3个主要成分,分别占PAHs总和的16. 69%、11. 93%和10. 66%.不同吨位燃煤锅炉所排放颗粒物中水溶性离子、OCEC以及WSOC均与锅炉吨位大小无明显线性相关,随着吨位的增加PAHs轻组分含量减小.     

氧化石墨烯对淡水微藻生长及生物活性物质的影响

为掌握氧化石墨烯（GO）的水环境风险,以斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）和湖泊微拟球藻（Nannochloropsis limnetica）为研究对象,探究了GO对淡水微藻生长及其生物活性物质（碳水化合物、总蛋白质、总脂）的影响.结果表明,GO对2种微藻具有中等毒性,72h EC₅₀值分别为25.63和48.44mg/L.透射电镜（TEM）观察发现,GO纳米片层既能附着于藻细胞表面也能进入藻细胞内部,造成藻细胞超微结构明显变化,包括：质壁分离;叶绿体收缩;淀粉粒数量减少甚至消失.较低浓度（10mg/L）GO会促进微藻中光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素）合成;而较高浓度（100mg/L）GO暴露下,2种微藻的类胡萝卜素和斜生栅藻叶绿素a的含量显著降低.2种浓度的GO总体上刺激了藻细胞内生物活性物质的合成,这是污染胁迫下的一种主动防御机制;而较高浓度GO造成碳水化合物含量显著降低,可能原因是细胞中储能物质由淀粉向中性脂转化.     

主次波长新分光光度法测定天然水硝酸盐

在硫酸介质中,邻苯氨基苯甲酸与硝酸盐(NO_3~-)生成紫红色络合物.本文依据悬浮颗粒对光的吸收性质研究利用该灵敏反应测定 NO_3~—N 新光度法——(?)次双波长法,通过对样品分析,可提高分析灵敏度和精密度,回收良好,且操作简单快速,计算曲线稳定,适合于测定地下水,湖水等天然水体 NO_3~-—N.     

Hydrological Connectivity Between Headwater Streams and Downstream Waters: How Science Can Inform Policy1

Abstract: In January 2001, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers exceeded its statutory authority by asserting Clean Water Act (CWA) jurisdiction over non‐navigable, isolated, intrastate waters based solely on their use by migratory birds. The Supreme Court’s majority opinion addressed broader issues of CWA jurisdiction by implying that the CWA intended some “connection” to navigability and that isolated waters need a “significant nexus” to navigable waters to be jurisdictional. Subsequent to this decision (SWANCC), there have been many lawsuits challenging CWA jurisdiction, many of which are focused on headwater, intermittent, and ephemeral streams. To inform the legal and policy debate surrounding this issue, we present information on the geographic distribution of headwater streams and intermittent and ephemeral streams throughout the U.S., summarize major findings from the scientific literature in considering hydrological connectivity between headwater streams and downstream waters, and relate the scientific information presented to policy issues surrounding the scope of waters protected under the CWA. Headwater streams comprise approximately 53% (2,900,000 km) of the total stream length in the U.S., excluding Alaska, and intermittent and ephemeral streams comprise approximately 59% (3,200,000 km) of the total stream length and approximately 50% (1,460,000 km) of the headwater stream length in the U.S., excluding Alaska. Hillslopes, headwater streams, and downstream waters are best described as individual elements of integrated hydrological systems. Hydrological connectivity allows for the exchange of mass, momentum, energy, and organisms longitudinally, laterally, vertically, and temporally between headwater streams and downstream waters. Via hydrological connectivity, headwater, intermittent and ephemeral streams cumulatively contribute to the functional integrity of downstream waters; hydrologically and ecologically, they are a part of the tributary system. As this debate continues, scientific input from multiple fields will be important for policymaking at the federal, state, and local levels and to inform water resource management regardless of the level at which those decisions are being made. Strengthening the interface between science, policy, and public participation is critical if we are going to achieve effective water resource management.     

Reasons for implementing ISO 14001 in Malaysia

Environmental management systems (EMS) have been introduced globally to reduce environmental degradation issues brought about by industrial development. The research discussed in this paper is aimed at identifying the benefits and motivations of the implementation of EMS in compliance with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001 standard in Malaysian industries by using the pairwise comparison method. Experts in EMS from the Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia were invited to participate in the research panel. Based on the experts’ input, data analysis was carried out by using multi‐criteria pairwise comparisons. The findings showed the ranked benefits and motivations of the implementation of the ISO 14001 standard for businesses. The results can indicate to policy‐makers and business advisors how businesses can be encouraged to implement the ISO 14001.