Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Environmental Factors of a Typical Small Watershed in the Black Soil Region, Northeast China

A total of 292 soil samples were taken from surface soil (0–20 cm) of a typical small watershed–Tongshuang in the black soil region of Heilongjiang province, northeast China in June 2005 for examining the concentration of soil organic carbon (SOC). Spatial variability of SOC in relation to topography and land use was evaluated using classical statistics, geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) analyses. The objective of this study was to provide a scientific basis for land management targeting at improving soil quality in this region. Classical statistical analysis results indicated that the variability of SOC was moderate (C _V = 0.30). Slope position and land use types were discriminating factors for its spatial variability. Geostatistics analyses showed that SOC had a strong spatial autocorrelation, which was mainly induced by structural factors. Mean concentration of SOC in surface soil was 2.27% in this watershed, which was a very low level in the northern black soil region of northeast China. In this small watershed, present soil and water conservation measures played an important role in controlling soil loss. But SOC's restoration was unsatisfactory. Nearly three-quarters of the area had worrisome productivity. How to improve SOC concentration targeting at soil fertility is a pressing need in the future.     

SBR生物技术处理竹浆造纸黑液的研究

通过循环序间歇式活性污泥法（ＳＢＲ）处理可使经酸析木质素后所得黑液中的ＢＯＤ５和ＣＯＤ显著减少,当进水中ＣＯＤ浓度为１０９０－１１７０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,ＢＯＤ５去除率为７０％－８３％,ＣＯＤ去除率为５４．５％－６３％,出水中ＢＯＤ５和ＣＯＤ的浓度分别为７６－１０１ｍｇ／Ｌ和４１９－５００ｍｇ／Ｌ,内电解与ＳＢＲ联合对黑液的处理更为有效,当进水ＣＯＤ浓度为１０４６－１１００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＢＯＤ５和ＣＯＤ去除率     

城市污水处理厂污泥直接热化学液化处理技术

污泥直接热化学液化技术是国外８０年代开始发展的一项污泥处理兼资源回收技术。它可使污泥中有机质的４０％以上转化为燃料油（热值≥３３ＭＪ／ｋｇ）,相应的有机碳转化率达到９０％左右。整个过程为一能量净输出过程。本文对其发展源流、研究现状和发展前景进行了综述和讨论。     

炭黑尾气中可燃气态污染物的净化及余热利用

研究炭黑生产尾气中可燃气态污染物CO、H₂及CH₄等的净化及其余热利用。研究结果表明,采用直接燃烧法,不仅可将炭黑尾气中可燃气态污染物转化为无害的物质CO₂和H_2,O,并可回收利用燃烧热,使炭黑生产余热利用率提高40％以上。直接燃烧装置可采用低热值尾气余热锅炉,并配置发电机组,即炭黑尾气发电。经济技术评价表明,采用直接燃烧法和炭黑尾气发电,其经济效益和环境效益十分可观。     

草浆黑液直接碱回收技术的燃烧试验研究

探讨了草浆黑液与赤铁矿流化床燃烧反应机理和工艺参数.通过差热分析得到关联式x/x_0=1-exp(-0.012t),可用于预测草浆黑液在流化床中燃烧时碱回收的转化率.实验表明,草浆黑液碱回收转化率可高达95％以上. ’     

道路全封闭声屏障的实践

简要介绍了在城市汽车道路桥上安装的一定长度的全封闭声屏障 ,简要分析了全封闭声屏障特有的隔声效果 ,介绍了全封闭声屏障的结构型式及实施过程中主要的技术问题     

90/10铜镍合金海水管路交流杂散电流腐蚀及控制研究

目的 针对杂散电流导致海水管路快速腐蚀问题,研究50、100 Hz交流杂散电流对海水管路腐蚀的影响,建立交流杂散电流腐蚀控制技术,为船舶海水管路交流杂散电流腐蚀控制提供技术支撑.方法 采用失重法、电化学测试、扫描电镜与能谱分析等方法研究交流杂散电流频率和电压幅值对海水管路交流杂散电流腐蚀的影响规律以及直接排流法对海水管...     

速生杨木粉尘最小点火能的实验研究

为防止木材加工中木质粉尘燃爆事故的发生,以纤维板生产中常见的原材料速生杨木粉尘作为研究对象,在分析粉尘粒径分布、元素分析、工业分析及形貌特征的基础上,采用1.2 L哈特曼管对3种不同粒径（0~50,＞50~96,＞96~180 μm）速生杨木粉尘进行最小点火能实验,探究点火延迟时间、喷粉压力、质量浓度和粒径分布对速生杨木粉尘最小点火能的影响及变化规律。研究结果表明:在质量浓度为500 g/m3时,分别增加点火延迟时间和喷粉压力,最小点火能都先减小后增大;最佳点火延迟时间和最佳喷粉压力分别为120 ms和120 kPa;粒径对最佳点火延迟时间和最佳喷粉压力无显著影响。在点火延迟和喷粉压力分别为120 ms和120 kPa条件下,最小点火能随质量浓度的增加先减小后增大。粉尘粒径与最小点火能呈正相关性,3种样品的最小点火能分别为1~3,1~3和7~13 mJ,对应的敏感质量浓度分别为500 ,750和1 250 g/m3,属于特别着火敏感性粉尘。     

内拱顶储罐内初始火灾自动灭火系统性能试验研究

为及时有效地抑制石油储罐内发生火灾后的初始火焰,防止火势蔓延后造成更为严重的连锁爆炸事故,研发1种由火灾快速探测系统和快速喷粉系统组成的快速灭火系统,并通过进行性能试验对此系统在石油储罐内的灭火效果进行验证。结果表明:火焰探测系统在探测器距火焰5 m范围内检验并输出报警信号的时间小于50 ms;快速喷粉装置在装粉量为5 kg时,可在310 ms内完成阀门开启至喷粉结束的整个过程。灭火系统可快速检测到火焰并使灭火剂快速有效地达到灭火点,避免火灾发生,具有一定工程应用价值。     

Perspectives on community representation within the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: Experiences from south-east Madagascar

This article critically examines the nature and quality of governance in community representation and civil society engagement in the context of trans-national large-scale mining, drawing on experiences in the Anosy Region of south-east Madagascar. An exploration of functional relationships between government, mining business and civil society stakeholders reveals an equivocal legitimacy of certain civil society representatives, created by state manipulation, which contributes to community disempowerment. The appointment of local government officials, rather than election, creates a hierarchy of upward dependencies and a culture where the majority of officials express similar views and political alliances. As a consequence, community resistance is suppressed.