粤港细粒子(PM2.5)污染导致能见度下降与灰霾天气形成的研究

为了研究珠三角地区细粒子气溶胶的环境效应,使用粤港地区长期气象资料和珠三角大气成分站网高分辨率资料,结合卫星遥感AOD结果,分析了珠三角地区由于细粒子(PM2.5)污染导致能见度下降与形成灰霾天气的长期变化趋势.结果表明,近年来珠江三角洲地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重,气溶胶云一年四季都可以出现,且长期稳定存在,重污染区位于珠江口以西的珠江三角洲西侧.灰霾天气主要出现在10月至次年4月.灰霾导致能见度恶化.自20世纪80年代初开始,该地区的能见度急剧恶化,灰霾天气显著增加,其中有3次大的波动,分别代表珠江三角洲经济发展相伴随的粗颗粒气溶胶污染、硫酸盐+粗颗粒气溶胶污染、光化学过程的细粒子+硫酸盐和粗颗粒气溶胶的复合污染时期.雾和轻雾造成的低能见度的长期变化趋势,没有由于人类活动影响或经济发展影响带来趋势性变化,其波动主要反映了气候波动固有的年际和年代际变化.珠江三角洲能见度的恶化主要与细粒子关系比较大,PM10有一半年份的年均值超过国家二级标准的年均值限值(70μg·m-3),而PM2.5年均值全部年份都超过国家二级标准的年均值限值(35μg·m-3),尤其是有些年份的年均值浓度超过标准限值的2倍,细粒子浓度甚高.另外,近年PM2.5占PM10的比重非常高,可达51%～79%,黑碳气溶胶浓度非常高,月均值达到5.0～9.1μg·m-3.和20余年前的资料相比较,细粒子在气溶胶中的比重有明显增加.因而在目前粤港地区的气溶胶污染中,主要是细粒子的污染,尤其是黑碳气溶胶污染严重.     

广吸力范围内国道G310路基黄土水力力学特性试验研究*

为探讨广吸力范围内国道G310路基黄土水力力学特性,采用WP4C仪、压力板法、滤纸法和蒸汽平衡法对其开展持水特性试验,用全自动直剪仪对具有不同初始干密度和不同吸力的试样进行强度特性试验,并结合压汞试验进行微观分析。根据上述试验数据提出快速预测抗剪强度公式。试验结果表明:随着初始干密度的增加,积聚体间孔隙体积发生收缩,积聚体内孔隙占主要作用。广吸力范围内试样的土水特征曲线随着初始干密度增大而向右上方偏移,而孔隙比随吸力的增加基本不变。抗剪强度随着初始干密度增大而增大,且随着吸力增加而增加。应力-应变曲线低吸力范围呈应变硬化现象,高吸力范围呈应变软化现象。利用Khalili & Khabbaz模型预测的抗剪强度值与实测值非常接近,因此该模型可用于预测广吸力范围内非饱和黄土的抗剪强度。     

Spatial distribution of hexazinone and metabolites in a luvisolic soil

Abstract

The spatial distribution of hexazinone and two primary metabolites were measured in forest soil for two years following the aerial application of a granular formulation, PRONONE 10G, in northern Alberta. Residues were quantified using solid‐phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography. Initial deposition rates of two hexazinone treatments averaged 2.3 ± 0.5 and 4.1 ± 0.8 kg/ha for each triplicated plots. One year after application, residues of hexazinone averaged 0.25 ± 0.09 and 0.40 ± 0.02 kg/ha in 2.3 and 4.1 kg/ha treatment, respectively, in the 0–10 cm surface soil; and were distributed vertically in soil depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm at ratios of 10:11:2 and 10:5:2, respectively, in 2.3 and 4.1 kg/ha treatment. Metabolites A and B amounted to 15 and 30% of hexazinone, respectively. Two years after application, the vertical movement of hexazinone in soil was quantifiable to the 40‐cm depth in both 2.3‐ and 4.1‐kg/ha treatment plots. Trace amounts of hexazinone were detected at 130 cm only in the 2.3‐kg/ha plot, which is likely due to the more freely downward movement of hexazinone to deeper horizons along decayed root channels.     

上海经济的直接物质投入和市内物质消耗

本文尝试对上海经济的直接物质投入和市内物质消耗进行初步的核算和分析,目的是促进上海"十一五"期间的循环经济发展和管理.采取的核算方法主要依据是欧盟统计局的<物质流账户及指标--方法导则>,而针对地区物质流核算的难点和上海的实际,也采用了一些估算方法.对核算的结果进行分析后表明,上海的物质自给率非常低,而直接物质投入1990-2005年总体上量现不断增长的态势,2005年达到45 564.95万t;人均直接物质投入已经相当高,2005年为33.50 t/人(以户籍人口计),1996年后已经高于1992-1996年发达国家中的较高水平;物质投入的生态效率比较低,每吨直接物质投入产出2005年为2 009.04元/t,2001年约为汉堡大都市区的1/5.     

基于人群健康的污染产业转移环境效应研究——以广东省陶瓷行业为例

产业转移是经济发展过程中常见现象；产业生产与资源环境之间密不可分的关系决定了产业转移必然引起资源环境状况的变化。为评价产业转移对改善区域整体环境状况的作用，构建了以环境经济损益分析定量评价产业转移的环境效应的方法框架，并以广东省陶瓷行业转移为例，研究了基于人体健康的污染产业转移的环境效应。研究结果显示，一般而言，由于污染排放变化，产业迁出地将产生环境效益，同时承接地将发生环境损失。当产业转移产生环境净效益时，意味着整体区域环境的改善。这种改善主要得益于产业迁出地和承接地之间存在的社会经济特征差异、具有经济技术可行性的污染控制技术的推广以及环境自净能力的合理利用等因素的综合作用。为促进区域协调发展，区域内产业转移过程中，应采取优化产业转移目录、加强环境管理、建立环境信息公开和公众参与制度和统筹协调区域内的污染控制责任和环境利益等环境治理措施。     

还原雷击参数的“黑匣子”——雷击在线实时监测记录仪研究

本文所研究的＂黑匣子＂是一种在线监测、记录、还原雷击参数的智能仪表,对特定环境设施（如：避雷针、低压供、配电线路与信息传输线路）入侵的雷击具备在线实时监测、记录并还原雷击参数的雷电流幅值、持续时间、极性（雷击电流走向）与波形的功能。     

Effects of DDT and piperonyl butoxide on the metabolic alterations in pigeon (columba livia)

Abstract

Effect of acute doses of technical grade of dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane (DDT) and piperonyl butoxide (PB) on hepatic micro‐somal cytochrome P₄₅₀ (Cyt. P450) and cytosolic glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity in pigeon were studied after 24 hours of treatment. A completely reverse trend of changes in Cyt. P450 and GST activity were found as increase in Cyt. ?450 paralleled with decrease in GST activity following exposure to DDT. However, intensity of changes in Cyt. P450 was greater than that of GST. A dose dependent decrease in Cyt. ?450 and GST activity was observed after PB treatment. The study may, therefore, throw some light on metabolic alterations in wild birds resulting from environmental pollution by DDT and allied chemicals.     

阿克达拉大气本底站黑碳浓度特征和潜在源

利用阿克达拉大气本底站2011~2017年黑碳气溶胶（BC）逐小时质量浓度资料和同期气象数据,采用后向轨迹聚类分析、潜在来源贡献函数法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,研究了阿克达拉站BC不同时间尺度浓度特征和潜在源区.结果表明：阿克达拉站2011~2017年BC呈波动下降趋势,BC清洁程度较高;BC浓度呈春冬高,夏秋低的季节变化特征,春季（398.85±189.35） ng/m³>冬季（389.89±105.94） ng/m³>夏季（272.07±90.07） ng/m³>秋季（269.52±68.07） ng/m³,自然因素为BC浓度变化的主要原因;日变化特征表现为白天低、夜间高,基本呈单峰分布;阿克达拉站BC潜在源随季节变化差异明显,后向轨迹,WPSCF和WCWT分析都表明,春季潜在源集中于俄罗斯南部与新疆交界处的阿尔泰山北麓,秋季潜在源为新疆北疆经济带,冬季BC多受境外排放源影响.BC污染控制需要区域环境合作,实现联防联治,尤其是加强跨境污染源监测工作.     

WATER YIELD INCREASES THROUGH SURFACE DUSTING OF A PERMANENT ICEFIELD1

ABSTRACT: Water yields from a permanent icefield were increased by 28 percent through surface dusting with carbon black. On July 4, 1972, approximately 15 acres (60,700 m²) of a permanent icefield were treated with 150 lbs. per acre (16.8 g/m²) of commercial carbon black. The icefield was located on the eastern slope of the Colorado Front Range at an elevation of 11,500 feet (3500 m). The carbon black was applied by helicopter using a dry applicator slung below a helicopter. The treatment effect was evaluated by control plot observations of melt and streamflow comparison before and after treatment. The ablation plot studies and runoff comparison with an adjacent watershed both indicated a 28 percent increase in ablation and meltwater runoff, respectively, for the months of July and August. The study indicates icefields could be used as cold-storage reservoirs for use in periods of critical water shortages.     

Application of Modified Threat Reduction Assessments in Lebanon

Abstract: Worldwide efforts have concentrated on developing monitoring methods that would enhance the assessment of progress toward achieving the 2010 conservation objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Threat reduction assessment is one such method. It provides an indirect measure of the effects of a conservation project by evaluating changes in human‐induced direct threats to protected areas. We applied modified threat reduction assessments and the 2008 International Union for Conservation of Nature standardized lexicon for classification of threats to Horsh Ehden and Al‐Shouf Cedar nature reserves in Lebanon. Our goal was in part to test the suitability of this tool for improving monitoring and management effectiveness of protected forests in Lebanon. In Horsh Ehden, composite threats decreased by 24% from 1997 to 2002, and then increased from 2002 to 2009 by 78% in the core area of the reserve and by 118% in the reserve's buffer zone (surrounds core area, conservation and recreational activities allowed). In Al‐Shouf Cedar reserve threats decreased by 51% from 2006 to 2009. Management teams from both reserves have integrated the use of this method to prioritize actions for new management plans. We believe that in Lebanon and other countries with limited resources and weak monitoring programs or that are experiencing political instability threat reduction assessments could be used to improve the effectiveness of protected areas management.