Meteorological mechanism for a large-scale persistent severe ozone pollution event over eastern China in 2017

An intensive and persistent regional ozone pollution event occurred over eastern China from 25 June to 5 July 2017.73 out of 96 selected cities,most located in the Beijing-TianjinHebei and the surrounding area(BTHS),suffered severe ozone pollution.A north-south contrast ozone distribution,with higher ozone(199±33 μg/m~3) in the BTHS and lower ozone(118±25 μg/m~3) in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),was found to be dominated by the position of the West Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) and mid-high latitude wave activities.In the BTHS,the positive anomalies of geopotential height at 500 hPa and temperature at the surface indicated favorable meteorological conditions for local ozone formation.Prevailing northwesterly winds in the mid-high troposphere and warm advection induced by weak southerly winds in the low troposphere resulted in low-moderate relative humidity(RH),less total cloud cover(TGC),strong solar radiation and high temperatures.Moreover,southerly winds prevailing over the BTHS aggravated the pollution due to regional transportation of O_3 and its precursors.On one hand,the deep sinking motion and inversion layer suppressed the dispersion of pollutants.On the other hand,O_3-rich air in the upper layer was maintained at night due to temperature inversion,which facilitated O_3 vertical transport to the surface in the next-day morning due to elevated convection.Generally,temperature,UV radiation,and RH showed good correlations with O_3 in the BTHS,with rates of 8.51(μg/m~3)/℃(within the temperature range of 20-38℃),59.54(μg/m~3)/(MJ/m~2)and-1.93 μg/m~3)/%,respectively.     

缙云山不同土地利用方式下土壤植硅体碳的含量特征

植硅体碳是长期封存土壤有机碳的一种形式,对土壤固碳有重要意义.以西南地区常见的6种土地利用方式(针阔叶混交林、竹林、果园、旱地、水田和荒草地)为研究对象,探讨了不同土地利用方式下植硅体碳含量在不同剖面上(0～20、20～40、40～60和60～100 cm)的分布规律,并估算了植硅体碳储量,分析了陆地生态系统碳汇特征.结果表明,在6种土地利用方式中,竹林土壤有机碳和植硅体含量在土壤剖面上的平均值均为最高,分别为16. 75 g·kg-1和59. 66 g·kg-1.在4个土层,竹林土壤植硅体含量均显著高于其他土地利用方式(P 0. 05).对植硅体碳而言,6种土地利用方式下的土壤植硅体碳平均含量变化范围在0. 55～1. 96 g·kg-1,其中竹林各土层的植硅体碳含量都高于其他土地利用方式.竹林土壤植硅体碳总储量(23. 45 t·hm-2)显著高于其他土地利用方式土壤植硅体碳总储量(P 0. 05).统计分析表明,土壤全硅与土壤植硅体、土壤植硅体碳均表现出极显著的正相关关系(P 0. 01).不同土地利用方式下土壤植硅体与植硅体碳的含量总体表现为随着土层深度的增加而下降,存在一定的表层富集现象.     

3种水稻种植模式的减氮效应和经济性评估

为探讨不同种植模式对水稻田氮素污染流失的影响和经济效益差异,于2016年4—10月在盘锦市鼎翔米业幸福农场内布设试验样地,采用对比试验、费用效益分析、情景分析等方法,开展了常规种植、低化学品和有机生态3种水稻种植模式的减氮效应和经济性评估.结果表明:①3种模式中有机生态种植模式的农田排水总氮含量最低,为1.94 kg/hm2,低化学品种植模式次之,为3.67 kg/hm2,常规种植模式最高,为5.87 kg/hm2.②有机生态种植模式单位面积经济净现值及经济净现值率最高,分别为23 302.53元/hm2和1.13;低化学品种植模式次之,分别为15 310.42元/hm2和1.06;常规种植模式最低,分别为14 855.92元/hm2和0.93.③在水稻价格上浮5%时,有机生态种植模式的经济净现值和净现值率最高,分别为21 218.14元/hm2和0.86,分别比低化学品种植模式及常规种植模式高7 425.26元/hm2和0.07及7 972.01元/hm2和0.17.④在水稻价格下调5%时,有机生态种植模式的经济净现值和净现值率依然最高,分别为16 872.82元/hm2和0.68,分别比低化学品种植模式和常规种植模式高6 030.87元/hm2、0.06和6 715.17元/hm2、0.15.研究显示,有机生态种植模式的减氮效应和经济效益明显高于低化学品种植模式和常规种植模式.      

新时代生态文明背景下中国草原分区与功能辨析

草原是重要的自然资源和生态系统,具有十分重要的生态功能（如水源涵养、水分调节、水土保持、初级生产、气候调节和生物多样保护）和社会经济价值（如牧业生产、牧民生计维持、牧区文化传承等）。科学保护、合理利用和有效恢复是草原资源和生态系统可持续管理的根本基础。2018年国家机构改革后草原主体功能从生产转向生态,草原在生态文明建设中的地位凸显。在新时代生态文明建设快速推进过程中,对标国家“山水林田湖草”生命共同体系统治理的总体战略,聚焦绿色发展和美丽中国建设的基本理念,提出基于地理分异和功能特征的草原分区方案,是推进草原资源高质量管理亟待解决的核心问题之一。利用文献调研、专家问卷调查和会议咨询等方法,构建以“生态保护优先、兼顾绿色发展”为主导思想的中国草原分区体系,提出生态地理单元分异原则、主体功能优先原则、产业布局协调性原则、历史传统相结合原则、行政边界完整性原则,提出了区、亚区和小区三级分区体系的主要指标、命名方式、功能判定及产业布局的厘定方法,将全国草原分为5个区（内蒙古高原草原区、西北山地盆地草原区、青藏高原草原区、东北华北平原山地丘陵草原区、南方山地丘陵草原区）、47个亚区、2899个小区,并给出了不同分区的主导生态功能及产业发展方向。分区结果具有综合性、协调性和时代性,可以为新时代草原生态文明建设和山水林田湖草系统治理提供科学支撑。     

湖南省不同土地利用方式的碳排放效应及时空格局分析

土地利用变化是造成碳排放量增长的主要原因.运用相关统计数据,测算并分析了湖南省不同土地利用方式的碳排放效应及时空差异.结果表明,2003-2009年,湖南省净碳排放量呈增加趋势,年均增加478.15万t,而单位GDP碳排放强度却呈下降趋势,且与人均GDP呈现出倒U型曲线关系,曲线拐点在人均GDP达到0.97～1.00万元·人-1附近.同期,湖南省建设用地和耕地成为主要的碳源,其中,建设用地碳排放量年均增加约483.19万t,对净碳排放量的年均贡献率超过84％;林地为主要碳汇,其碳汇量年均可达769.67万t.2009年,湖南省净碳排放量存在着明显的区域差异,总体上呈现从东到西、从北到南逐渐减小的趋势,其中,娄底、岳阳、湘潭与郴州4市属于高排放-低效率(HE-LE)类型;永州、怀化、吉首与张家界4市属于低排放-高效率(LE-HE)类型;邵阳、长沙、常德、株洲、衡阳与益阳6市属于中排放-中效率(ME-ME)类型.     

Microenvironmental time-activity patterns in Chongqing, China

An investigation using recall questionnaires was conducted in winter and autumn 2006 to evaluate the time-activity patterns in Chongqing, China. The average time spent in seven microenvironments (MEs) including outdoors, transit, living room, bedroom, kitchen, classroom/office, and other indoors were found to be about 3.5, 1.1, 2.5, 9.7, 1.4, 4.2, and 1.7 h per day, respectively. According to the results of a nonparametric test, the sampling period and day of week were significant for the variation of the time spent in all MEs except for transit and outdoors. The time budget was analyzed using a general linear model (GLM), which exhibited significant variability by demographic factors such as gender, age, residence, education, and household income.     

改革开放以来广州市番禺区景观格局变化研究

番禺区作为广州市新的发展方向,处于中国经济和社会发展的前沿。研究番禺区20年来的景观格局变化,对于其经济社会的可持续、健康发展有一定的指导意义。利用番禺区1979年、1990年、2000年的MSS、TM、ETM^＋影像,在GIS的支持下,结合景观生态学的理论分析了番禺区三个时期的景观格局及其动态变化。结果表明,20年来,番禺区的景观格局变化迅速,斑块数量和空间格局变化较大;各景观类型之间的转移明显,耕地、林地快速向建设用地、养殖水域等转变。人文因素是景观格局变化的直接驱动力,人口增长、经济发展是导致景观系列变化最根本的原因。     

稻油不同轮作模式对农田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

以南方稻区不同轮作模式为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究水稻-油菜轮作处理的甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放特征,并估算稻田增温潜势(GWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI).结果表明,双季稻田、一季中(晚)稻田、油菜地和休闲地CH₄平均排放量分别为135.25, 55.64、 5.05和1.89 kg·hm^-2,稻季CH₄排放占不同轮作周年CH₄排放的91.8%～98.5%,稻田土壤水溶性有机碳与CH₄排放呈显著正相关,常规晚稻稻田CH₄排放比杂交晚稻高18.7%(P<0.05);双季稻田、一季中(晚)稻田、油菜地和休闲地N₂O平均排放量分别为0.94、 0.64、 1.38和0.24 kg·hm^-2,油菜地的N₂O排放占周年排放的57.2%～70.2%,双季稻和一季稻处理的冬闲农田N₂O排放占周年排放的17....     

环流型对武汉市臭氧污染浓度的影响分析

本文统计了武汉市臭氧污染超标日和清除日的环流类型,并对超标日环流型对应的气象要素进行了对比分析,揭示了环流型对臭氧浓度的影响.结果表明:①按照高空环流分类,武汉市臭氧超标环流型主要有:槽后西北气流型(占比最高,29％)、西太平洋副热带高压型、脊型、平直西风气流型、大陆高压型;臭氧清除环流型主要有:槽前西南气流型(占比最...     

Smart meters for enhanced water supply network modelling and infrastructure planning

To design water distribution network infrastructure, water utilities formulate daily demand profiles and peaking factors. However, traditional methods of developing such profiles and peaking factors, necessary to carry out water distribution network modelling, are often founded on a number of assumptions on how top-down bulk water consumption is attributed to customer connections and outdated demand information that does not reflect present consumption trends; meaning infrastructure is often unnecessarily overdesigned. The recent advent of high resolution smart water meters allows for a new novel methodology for using the continuous ‘big data’ generated by these meter fleets to create evidence-based water demand curves suitable for use in network models. To demonstrate the application of the developed method, high resolution water consumption data from households fitted with smart water meters were collected from the South East Queensland and Hervey Bay regions in Australia. Average day (AD), peak day (PD) and mean day maximum month (MDMM) demand curves, often used in water supply network modelling, were developed from the herein created methodology using both individual end-use level and hourly demand patterns from the smart meters. The resulting modelled water demand patterns for AD, PD and MDMM had morning and evening peaks occurring earlier and lower main peaks (AD: 12%; PD: 20%; MDMM: 33%) than the currently used demand profiles of the regions’ water utility. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of widespread smart water metering systems for enhanced water distribution infrastructure planning and management as well as the benefits to customers.