区域农田生态系统生产力的时空格局及其影响因子研究——以山东省为例

在统计数据的基础上,以山东省为例,利用模型量化了农田生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）,并研究了农田生态系统NPP的时空格局及其影响因素。研究发现,2000—2006年间,山东省农田生态系统NPP在时间序列上整体呈上升的趋势,由2000年的476.5g·m-2·a-1（以C计）上升到2006年的544.2g·m-2·a-1（以C计）。空间格局中以鲁东、鲁中和鲁南较高,鲁西南和鲁北较低。各地市中以枣庄最高,为691g·m-2·a-1（以C计）;东营最低,约424.4g·m-2·a-1（以C计）。另外,莱芜、临沂及菏泽等地也相对偏低。通过对影响农田生态系统NPP的自然因子和人为因子分别进行主成分分析发现：气候因子中对山东省农田生态系统NPP贡献最大的为降水;人为因子中以农膜的贡献最大,其次为农药、机械、化肥,而劳动力的贡献则随着科技的发展而降低,人口密度的过大对农田生态系统生产力具有较大的负面影响。     

室内不同燃烧模式香烟污染的研究

香烟燃烧的主动吸烟、呼出烟雾、自由燃烧3种排放方式中,对一氧化碳CO、总挥发性有机物TVOC进行测定分析。自由燃烧模式较主动吸烟模式造成的CO和TVOC污染更高。对于室内环境的污染和被动吸烟者的危害,自由燃烧模式与呼出烟气模式的贡献比例CO和TVOC分别约为15/1和4/1。主动吸烟者吸入的烟气中CO和TVOC浓度可分别高达约10000mg/m3和800mg/m3,高出国家室内空气环境标准限量约1000倍,吸入的烟气中约有40%的CO通过肺部被人体吸收。     

金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式

通过对金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式的研究,得到以下结论：（1）在不同空间位置的矿物元素对河水的水质贡献率不相同。河水成分贡献主要来源于硅酸盐风化,在金水河流域生态系统不同空间位置矿物元素对河水水质贡献率方程为：YRiverwater=0.242＋0.203 XRain＋0172 XLitter＋0.471 XSoilwater（r2=0.55）。（2）固-液相界面（土壤-土壤水溶液）离子交换过程拟合表明：离子交换过程符合二、三次曲线模型。（3）区域内碳酸盐岩含较少的Na＋和K＋,且受酸雨等影响。Na＋在土壤-土壤溶液之间的分配行为可能加重土壤盐碱化的趋势。土壤和枯枝落叶层HCO3-和TDS值均处于稳定的范围内。（4）输入性污染分析表明,流域内土壤基本表现出物理性质改善;但却表现出贫养化和生物地球化学性质恶化的极化趋势。人为活动输入污染物影响显著,在全球变化背景下,酸雨和干旱加剧了水溶液组成的变化。     

Overview of motorcycling in the United States: a national telephone survey

Objectives

Motorcycle registrations have risen in recent years. Although motorcyclist crash fatalities in 2009 were 16% lower than in 2008, they were double the number of deaths in 1997. The present study examined current motorcyclists’ travel patterns and views of motorcycle helmets and other safety topics.

Methods

Motorcycle drivers were interviewed in a national telephone survey conducted in 2009. A weighted sample of 1,606 motorcyclists resulted from adjusting for the oversampling of those younger than 40 and those in the three states without a motorcycle helmet use law (Illinois, Iowa, New Hampshire). All analyses were based on the weighted sample, which was intended to result in a nationally representative sample of motorcyclists.

Results

About one-quarter of respondents said they did not always wear helmets. Of these respondents, 57% said a law requiring helmet use would persuade them to do so, and 27% said nothing would. Ninety-four percent of respondents in states with universal helmet laws said they always ride helmeted, compared with about half of respondents in other states. About half of all respondents favored these laws. About three-quarters said they believe helmets keep riders safer, including two-thirds of respondents who oppose universal laws and almost half of drivers who rarely/never wear helmets. Drivers ages 18–29 and drivers of sport/unclad sport, sport touring, and super sport motorcycles were more likely to always wear helmets, support universal helmet laws, and believe helmets keep riders safer. About half of respondents said antilock braking systems (ABS) enhance safety and that they would get ABS on their next motorcycle. Less than one-quarter thought an airbag would protect a motorcyclist in a crash, and even fewer would consider getting one on their next motorcycle. Forty-three percent of motorcyclists said they had crashed at least once; 62% of the most recent crashes involved no vehicles besides the motorcycle. Respondents reported riding their motorcycles about 5,400 miles, on average, during the past year. Drivers ages 18–29 reported riding fewer miles, on average, than older drivers and more often rode at night and to/from work or school. Drivers of touring and sport touring motorcycles traveled more miles and took more long trips.

Conclusions

Motorcyclists’ travel patterns and views vary widely, but there are distinct patterns by driver age and motorcycle type. Drivers who believe helmets keep riders safer are more likely to always wear them, but this belief appears insufficient to motivate some drivers to wear them. However, universal helmet laws appear effective in increasing helmet use. Many drivers are receptive to purchasing ABS on their next motorcycle.

Impact on industry

States should be encouraged to enact universal helmet laws, and motorcycle manufacturers should be encouraged to offer ABS.     

过水性湖泊水质长期演变趋势及驱动因素：以骆马湖为例

过水性湖泊——骆马湖是南水北调东线工程的重要调蓄湖泊,具有防洪抗旱、饮用水供给和生态维护等多种功能.为了解骆马湖水质演变及驱动因素,基于2009～2020年长序列逐月实测数据,结合1996～2008年历史资料,分析了骆马湖总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)等指标的长期演变、季节动态和空间格局,探究了气象和水文因子对湖泊水质的影响机制.结果表明,近25年来,骆马湖水质总体处于Ⅳ～劣Ⅴ类.ρ(TN)变化明显(1.06～3.49 mg·L^-1),历经波动下降(1996～2002年)、显著的年际波动(2002～2015年)和显著上升(2015～2020年)这3个阶段,是骆马湖的主要污染因子.高锰酸盐指数显著下降(2.97～6.38 mg·L^-1),ρ(TP)和ρ(NH⁺₄-N)波动相对较小,分别介于0.024～0.076 mg·L^-1和0.11～0.69 mg·L^-1. 2017～2020年夏...     

亚热带城市河流浮游细菌群落的季节演替及构建机制

细菌是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,在污染物降解、物质循环和能量流动等方面扮演着重要角色.然而亚热带城市河流细菌群落的季节演替和构建机制(确定性和随机性过程)仍不明晰.以流溪河及广州珠江段为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序分析探讨了不同季节(丰水期和枯水期)水体细菌群落的变化及其构建机制.结果表明：不同季节水体细菌群落的组成存在显著差异,丰水期,变形菌门和异常球菌-栖热菌门的丰度更高;而枯水期,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的丰度更高.细菌群落的α和β多样性同样具有显著的季节差异,T、NH₄⁺-N、TOC、pH、EC、DO、NO₃^--N和DSi是影响细菌群落季节变化的主要环境因子.水体细菌群落的生态网络具有典型的模块化结构,物种间以正相关作用(合作关系)为主,且丰水期物种间的合作关系强于枯水期.随机性过程主导了细菌群落的构建,尤其以扩散限制贡献最大,且细菌群落在枯水期面临的扩散限制要高于丰水期.     

重庆市O3污染日的大气环流分型与传输特征

通过分析重庆市主城区2015~2019年O₃浓度和气象要素观测数据,发现主城区O₃超标日数、超标日O₃中位值和90百分位浓度值均呈现逐年升高趋势,O₃与温度成正相关、与相对湿度成负相关,高O₃浓度对应每日最高温度区间为35℃以上以及相对湿度区间70%以下.采用T-mode主成分分析法(PCT)对2015~2019年的4~9月850hPa低层位势高度场和风场进行分型,总结出重庆市O₃污染期间主要有8种天气类型,其中有利于出现高浓度O₃现象的天气类型分别是低压西北侧型(T1)、低压后部型(T4)和高压西侧(T3),对应O₃平均超标率分别为34.6%、17.0%和14.2%.利用HYSPLIT4模型后向轨迹聚类方法和潜在源贡献算法(PSCF),计算得到O₃污染日的气团主要以中短距离输送为主,主要传输轨迹来自北、东北、南以及西南四个方向,从2015~2019年,主要污染来源有一个明显的从北转南的趋势,O₃污染的潜在源贡献分析结果与全市工业源NO_x、VOCs排放量空间分布的一致性较高.     

秦皇岛市生态环境景观生态学研究

运用景观分类与评价、景观结构与功能分析、景观生态安全格局判断等景观生态学原理和方法对秦皇岛市生态环境进行了研究,结果表明:秦皇岛景观类型丰富独特,景观空间格局对主要生态过程有重要影响,对1986～1996年间景观变化定量分析的结查显示由于人工干扰指数的提高,使自然景现类型数量减少,并出现破碎化,从而降低了景观多样性和景观优势度,易导致系统的生产力、稳定性、自维持性趋向于降低。     

大渡河上游地区景观格局与动态

利用卫星遥感资料,对大渡河上游地区金川、壤塘、马尔康三县18665km²土地的景观格局与动态进行分析。结果显示,1995～2000年,研究地区的景观破碎化程度有所下降,多样性增加,斑块形状不规则性增强。整个景观表现出以草地为基质,以林地变动为主要特征。5年间,有林地面积减少53687hm²,大部分转变为灌木林地和疏林地。有林地的空间动态,如斑块密度下降,形状趋于规则等,显示该地区森林减少主要是有计划采伐的结果。耕地面积的下降则表明当地退耕还林、还草的政策措施已初见成效。     

Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China

To determine the population exposure to PM(10) in Chongqing, China, we developed an indirect model by combining information on the time activity patterns of various demographic subgroups with estimates of the PM(10) concentrations in different microenvironments (MEs). The spatial and temporal variations of the exposure to PM(10) were illustrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The population weighted exposure (PWE) for the entire population was 229, 155 and 211 microg/m(3), respectively, in winter, summer and as the annual average. Indoor PM(10) level at home was the largest contributor to the PWE, especially for the rural areas where high pollution levels were found due to solid fuels burning. Elder people had higher PM(10) exposure than adults and youth, due to more time spent in indoor MEs. The highest health risk due to particulate was found in the city zone and northeast regions, suggesting that pollution abatement should be prioritized in these areas.