高科技园区的生态化管理

关于高科技因区管理方法的研究很多,但大多数只是从经济发展的角度出发,以追求最大的经济利益为目标。而生态化管理则坚持可持续发展原则,实现因区经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的整体最大化。本文分析了高科技因区生态化管理的必要性,结合北京中关村的生态化管理对策和上海张江高科技因区的生态化管理方案,探讨如何在国内推进高科技因区的生态化管理的措施。     

基于层次分析法的工业园区环境风险评价指标权重分析

针对环境风险评价的特征,从HJ/T 169—2004《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》、GB 18218—2009《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》等现有环境风险评估技术规范和标准中直接筛选了物质危险性、主要原料最大存量与临界量、原料中有毒有害物质使用量等10项指标;结合工业园区环境风险区域性、复杂性及综合性等特征,提出了行业类别、危险废物处理处置方式、污染物排放方式和污染物排放浓度达标情况等9项指标,共计19项指标作为工业园区环境风险评价指标体系. 在我国东、中和西部地区近20个工业园区的管理者、企业及园区公众发放600份问卷,运用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)构建了工业园区环境风险评价指标权重递阶层次结构模型. 模型结果显示,影响工业园区环境风险等级准则层权重依次为风险源(0.4663)、监管机制(0.3010)和受体(0.2327);累积性环境风险源特征指标中危险废物处理处置方式 (权重居第1位,下同)和污染物排放浓度达标情况(第2位)指标权重较突发性风险源特征指标——物质危险性 (第4位)、原料中有毒有害物质使用量占比 (第9位)、主要原料最大储存量与临界值(第18位)等指标排序优先;对于体现工业园区环境风险预防和监管的指标权重相对较高,如行业类别,园区环境监控情况、环境风险监管机制中日常环境管理制度中的环境监控情况 (第5位)权重也高出了环境风险制度体系中事故应急预案(第8位)指标权重;但是,在对受体关注程度上生态环境质量和安全等指标的权重仍旧很小.      

工业园区温室气体核算方法研究

碳达峰碳中和已成为我国重要的国家战略,作为工业发展的重要载体,工业园区贡献了全国50%以上的工业产出和31%左右的碳排放,是我国控碳减碳的重要靶点。准确把握园区碳排放特点,对制定针对性减碳举措意义重大。然而,工业园区温室气体排放核算方法尚未统一,需结合园区特点进行深入探讨。本研究分析了工业园区组成结构与发展特征,将园区的碳排放源归类为能源消费、工业过程和产品使用与废弃物处理处置三大类,比较不同核算方法,提出适合园区特点的温室气体排放清单建议,之后对国家级开发区开展案例研究,揭示其排放结构特征。结果显示,2015—2017年203家园区碳排放强度小幅增加,排放总量持续上升,总排放中超85%为直接排放,但三年内仍分别有100、98和92家园区的间接排放占自身总排放比重超过50%,间接排放是工业园区碳排放不可忽视的重要组份。最后,建议从间接排放占比显著或产城融合程度较高或以单一企业为绝对主体等特殊园区入手,探讨企业、园区、城市等不同层面碳排放核算之间的联系,构建园区低碳发展评价指标体系,推动工业园区温室气体核算标准的建立。     

推进生态工业发展建立循环经济模式

本文着重论述了生态工业和生态示范区建立和发展的意义。     

An novel identification method of the environmental risk sources for surface water pollution accidents in chemical industrial parks

The chemical industry is a major source of various pollution accidents. Improving the management level of risk sources for pollution accidents has become an urgent demand for most industrialized countries. In pollution accidents, the released chemicals harm the receptors to some extent depending on their sensitivity or susceptibility. Therefore, identifying the potential risk sources from such a large number of chemical enterprises has become pressingly urgent. Based on the simulation of the whole accident process, a novel and expandable identification method for risk sources causing water pollution accidents is presented. The newly developed approach, by analyzing and stimulating the whole process of a pollution accident between sources and receptors, can be applied to identify risk sources, especially on the nationwide scale. Three major types of losses, such as social, economic and ecological losses, were normalized, analyzed and used for overall consequence modeling. A specific case study area, located in a chemical industry park (CIP) along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China, was selected to test the potential of the identification method. The results showed that there were four risk sources for pollution accidents in this CIP. Aniline leakage in the HS Chemical Plant would lead to the most serious impact on the surrounding water environment. This potential accident would severely damage the ecosystem up to 3.8 km downstream of Yangtze River, and lead to pollution over a distance stretching to 73.7 km downstream. The proposed method is easily extended to the nationwide identification of potential risk sources.     

Governance assessment of a protected area: the case of the Alde Feanen National Park

This paper addresses the challenge of appropriate governance of complexity and diversity in the Dutch national park of Alde Feanen. The issue is how to enhance ecosystem resilience. Our focus relates to a navigable waterway within the park that affects the natural values of the area. The governance assessment tool is used to assess the governance context of the waterway and ecosystem resilience in the area. The study shows that a lack of a long-term integrated vision makes the governance context less supportive. Such a vision could maximize the focus on the resilience of the park's nature and motivate actors to work towards a common future for a concerned area. However, institutional complexity, combined with institutional inertia, is revealed as a hindrance to the quality of governance and shapes a weak ability to adapt the current situation to move towards resilience.     

工业园区水污染防治技术与管理政策需求分析

工业园区水污染防控是“十二五”期间我国水环境治理的重要任务之一,但目前还普遍存在一些技术和管理上的不足,导致处理效果不理想。本文就此问题,对园区企业在废水预处理、收集和处理、末端排放、水循环利用和管理机制方面存在的问题进行了讨论和分析;从技术和管理两大方面,对园区水污染防治的需求进行了分类探讨,并对环境主管部门、园区管理者和环境服务商提出了工作建议。     

The Application of the Ecological Footprint: A case of passenger transport in Merseyside

The release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is believed to be responsible for climate change. In the UK, road transport emits 22% of the total output of carbon dioxide. This study applies the ecological footprint to Merseyside to ascertain the global environmental impact of passenger transport (expressed in hectares). Results show that car travel has a footprint of 704 000 hectares, which is 87% of the total footprint. It is demonstrated in scenarios that Policy initiatives involving the Local Transport Plan will cause the footprint to increase. It is also shown that individual behaviour could be influenced when highlighting the impacts of different modes of transport along the same route. By using the ecological footprint in educational programmes, the effect can be shown of carbon emissions and land appropriation on the 'school run'; these issues could be promoted alongside others such as health, safety, congestion, global equity and fairness.     

Optimism and Challenge for Science‐Based Conservation of Migratory Species in and out of U.S. National Parks

Public agencies sometimes seek outside guidance when capacity to achieve their mission is limited. Through a cooperative agreement and collaborations with the U.S. National Park Service (NPS), we developed recommendations for a conservation program for migratory species. Although NPS manages ～36 million hectares of land and water in 401 units, there is no centralized program to conserve wild animals reliant on NPS units that also migrate hundreds to thousands of kilometers beyond parks. Migrations are imperiled by habitat destruction, unsustainable harvest, climate change, and other impediments. A successful program to counter these challenges requires public support, national and international outreach, and flourishing migrant populations. We recommended two initial steps. First, in the short term, launch or build on a suite of projects for high‐profile migratory species that can serve as proof to demonstrate the centrality of NPS units to conservation at different scales. Second, over the longer term, build new capacity to conserve migratory species. Capacity building will entail increasing the limited knowledge among park staff about how and where species or populations migrate, conditions that enable migration, and identifying species’ needs and resolving them both within and beyond parks. Building capacity will also require ensuring that park superintendents and staff at all levels support conservation beyond statutory borders. Until additional diverse stakeholders and a broader American public realize what can be lost and do more to protect it and engage more with land management agencies to implement actions that facilitate conservation, long distance migrations are increasingly likely to become phenomena of the past. Optimismo y Retos para la Conservación Científicamente Basada de Especies Migratorias Dentro y Fuera de Parques Nacionales de E.U.A.     

Using Genetic Profiles of African Forest Elephants to Infer Population Structure,Movements, and Habitat Use in a Conservation and Development Landscape in Gabon

Conservation of wide‐ranging species, such as the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), depends on fully protected areas and multiple‐use areas (MUA) that provide habitat connectivity. In the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas in Gabon, which includes 2 national parks separated by a MUA containing energy and forestry concessions, we studied forest elephants to evaluate the importance of the MUA to wide‐ranging species. We extracted DNA from elephant dung samples and used genetic information to identify over 500 individuals in the MUA and the parks. We then examined patterns of nuclear microsatellites and mitochondrial control‐region sequences to infer population structure, movement patterns, and habitat use by age and sex. Population structure was weak but significant, and differentiation was more pronounced during the wet season. Within the MUA, males were more strongly associated with open habitats, such as wetlands and savannas, than females during the dry season. Many of the movements detected within and between seasons involved the wetlands and bordering lagoons. Our results suggest that the MUA provides year‐round habitat for some elephants and additional habitat for others whose primary range is in the parks. With the continuing loss of roadless wilderness areas in Central Africa, well‐managed MUAs will likely be important to the conservation of wide‐ranging species. Utilización de Perfiles Genéticos de Elefantes Africanos para Inferir su Estructura Poblacional, Movimientos y Uso del Hábitat en un Paisaje con Conservación y Desarrollo en Gabón Resumenfgs