基于模糊评价法的建筑安全事故预测模型

针对建筑工程安全领域中许多对象具有"内涵明确,外延不明确"的特点,本文利用模糊数学对建筑安全事故影响因素进行度量,通过层次分析法确定各影响因素权重,提出了一种基于模糊评价法的建筑安全事故预测模型,解决了建筑生产中安全事故的即时预测,并通过实例给予说明,说明了模型在建筑安全事故预测中的有效性和实用性.     

海啸破坏特点与工程防御方法初探

印度洋海啸现场调查表明,海啸灾害不同于地震和洪水灾害.海啸通过高水位淹没和浪涌冲击对海边地势低平地区的房屋、道路、桥梁、机场以及给排水、供电、通讯等设施与车辆、船只造成严重破坏.海啸上岸后,由于巨大的冲力,将夹带一些破损建筑物产生的固体漂浮物一同前进,因此破坏力更强.由于淹没、浪涌、冲毁建筑物压埋以及漂浮物冲击等综合作用,造成人员死亡率极高,所过之处,财物殆尽.抗御海啸灾害的工程措施主要在于合理规划(避让、削弱、分流、阻挡)和科学设计(潜在海啸灾害等级划分、结构性态决策、海啸荷载确定、抗海啸分析、构造设计).     

芜湖市2003年生态足迹研究

生态足迹是近年来较为流行的定量测定人类对自然利用程度的新方法.利用生态足迹计算方法对芜湖市2003年的生态足迹进行了实证计算与分析,计算结果显示芜湖市2003年人均生态赤字为1.65hm2,表明其发展处于不可持续状态.针对目前的状况提出了芜湖市可持续发展的对策和建议.     

芦苇生态湿地系统处理造纸废水的探讨

根据造纸污水的特点,在科学详细地分析、评价、论证了现有造纸污水处理技术的基础上,从滨州市的实际情况出发,充分分析了应用湿地生态技术处理造纸污水的可行性,对造纸企业实现环保与经济双赢具有很好的指导作用.     

自然生态小区建设指导原则及其建设内容探讨--以筠连县大雪山自然生态小区为例

自然生态小区是构建优美生态环境区域的生态“细胞工程”。它根据当地的自然状况和社会经济状况,以较小的经济和社会代价实现一定区域生态环境优美、生态文明有序、生态系统良性循环的社会经济生态综合体。由于自然生态小区的建设是新兴事物,其建设途径还有很多问题值得探讨。在自然生态小区建设投资方面,应当明确生态环境建设投资和生产赢利建设投资,对于前者应当以政府和政策性投资为主,而后者应当是在政策法规规范下的企业投资为主;在发展模式方面,应当促进环境友好的规模化高效益产业,包括有机绿色产业、地方特色产业、民族文化产业等;在效益分配方面,必须要充分考虑整个社区居民资源共享和利益合理分配,实现整个社区生态文明建设和经济发展目标的一致。     

塔里木河中游输水堤防外的地下水质变化分析

针对塔里木河中游输水堤防修建与生态保育的问题,结合对沙子河和阿其河两个断面地下水质的监测资料的分析,对输水堤防修建后堤防外地下水质的时空变化进行了探讨,揭示了在输水堤防影响下堤防外地下水质变化的初步规律.结果表明：沙子河断面和阿其河断面洪枯期地下水矿化度的变化规律由于堤防的修建而被改变,同样在堤防外侧,由于无地表水经过,沙子河断面地下水矿化度远高于在有生态闸定期放水的阿其河断面,因此,生态闸建设对抑制由于输水堤防影响而导致的水质修建具有积极作用.     

Knowledge, values, uses and management of the Araucaria araucana forest by the indigenous Mapuche Pewenche people: A basis for collaborative natural resource management in southern Chile

One of the most important endemic tree species of Chile and at the same time one of the most endangered ones is Araucaria araucana (Mol.) C. Koch, the monkey‐puzzle tree. It grows in the Andes Mountains, homeland of the indigenous Mapuche Pewenche people who depend on this tree. This paper is based on field research that investigated the ecological knowledge, uses and management of the Araucaria araucana forest by indigenous Mapuche Pewenche people based on the socio‐cultural, spiritual and ecological relationships they have with the Araucaria forest, to find out how indigenous people and their knowledge could contribute to sustainable Araucaria forest management. A Mapuche Pewenche community located in the IX region of Chile contributed to this study. Based on the analyses this paper illustrates the nature of indigenous ecological knowledge of Araucaria araucana on the one hand, and its utility in native forest management on the other. The research shows that the Mapuche Pewenche hold ecological knowledge and conduct practices to manage their Araucaria forest in a balanced way. They conserve and use forest biodiversity at one and the same time. This paper provides recommendations for sustainable Araucaria forest management and conservation strategies ex‐situ and in‐situ incorporating indigenous knowledge and scientific knowledge and for promoting a collaborative natural resources management.     

海外核电工程安全文化建设的实践

安全文化是企业文化的重要组成部分,有效的安全文化建设,对企业文化的管理和运行具有良好的促进作用。文章以海外核电某项目部的文化建设为例,以文化体系建设的安全文化管理模式、安全文化教育模式、安全文化检查模式、安全文化宣传模式、安全文化激励模式、安全文化科技模式、安全文化技能模式和安全文化专题模式来探讨海外核电某项目在安全文化建设的具体做法,为其他海外工程项目提供借鉴,不断提升企业软实力,提高中国核电走出去的安全管理水平。     

超高强度钻杆低温断裂性能及裂纹扩展特征研究

超高强度钻杆在冬季低温环境下容易发生脆性断裂事故,为了从断裂力学角度揭示其冷脆现象的本质,采用ZBC2302-D型示波冲击试验机,获得了不同温度下超高强度钢在冲击断裂过程中的力-位移曲线,并对比分析了冲击功、起裂功和裂纹扩展功之间的变化关系。采用国家标准GB 4161—2007中的计算公式,计算了冲击试样的裂纹扩展量Δa和阻抗应力强度因子K_R;同时,引入K_R阻力曲线,得到超高强度钻杆在不同温度下的剩余强度图。结果表明,当冲击试样开始出现裂纹时,随温度降低,钻杆的初始起裂应力有所增加,出现硬化现象。当钻杆出现一定长度的裂纹时,随温度降低,阻抗应力强度因子越来越小,而且降低速度越来越快,剩余强度也表现出相同的变化趋势。随温度降低,材料抵抗裂纹扩展的能力逐渐下降,表明钻杆在低温下更容易断裂。     

Empirical Trials of Plant Field Guides

We designed 3 image‐based field guides to tropical forest plant species in Ghana, Grenada, and Cameroon and tested them with 1095 local residents and 20 botanists in the United Kingdom. We compared users’ identification accuracy with different image formats, including drawings, specimen photos, living plant photos, and paintings. We compared users’ accuracy with the guides to their accuracy with only their prior knowledge of the flora. We asked respondents to score each format for usability, beauty, and how much they would pay for it. Prior knowledge of plant names was generally low (<22%). With a few exceptions, identification accuracy did not differ significantly among image formats. In Cameroon, users identifying sterile Cola species achieved 46–56% accuracy across formats; identification was most accurate with living plant photos. Botanists in the United Kingdom accurately identified 82–93% of the same Cameroonian species; identification was most accurate with specimens. In Grenada, users accurately identified 74–82% of plants; drawings yielded significantly less accurate identifications than paintings and photos of living plants. In Ghana, users accurately identified 85% of plants. Digital color photos of living plants ranked high for beauty, usability, and what users would pay. Black and white drawings ranked low. Our results show the potential and limitations of the use of field guides and nonspecialists to identify plants, for example, in conservation applications. We recommend authors of plant field guides use the cheapest or easiest illustration format because image type had limited bearing on accuracy; match the type of illustration to the most likely use of the guide for slight improvements in accuracy; avoid black and white formats unless the audience is experienced at interpreting illustrations or keeping costs low is imperative; discourage false‐positive identifications, which were common; and encourage users to ask an expert or use a herbarium for groups that are difficult to identify. Pruebas Empíricas de Guías de Campo de Plantas Hawthorne, Cable & Marshall