草制浆造纸中段废水处理及回用技术分析研究

中段废水是制浆造纸工业的主要污染源之一,从工程设计的角度出发,对草制浆造纸中段废水处理及回用提出一套可行适用的工艺方案;对主要工艺环节参数、设备备有说明,以供同行借鉴.     

Investigation and proposal for reuse of effluents from beneficiated bentonite products

This work is intended to show the characterization of three effluents (X, Y, and Z) derived from laboratory analyses conducted in the quality control department of a beneficiated bentonite products factory in order to present alternatives for their treatment and final disposal according to Brazil's National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos – PNRS, Law 12,305/2010, Brazil). Analyses to identify the characteristics of the effluents revealed that the pH, salinity, electroconductivity, and total dissolved solids were in agreement with the organic and mineral nature of the effluent constituents: solvent, clay minerals, water, and activating agent. To assess reuse proposals, the effluents were subjected to the following tests: (a) swelling characteristic with effluent X, (b) petrochemical characterization of Y, and (c) swelling characteristic using commercial solvent and activated clay produced with effluent Z. Preliminary results indicate that each of these effluents can be reused variously in the laboratory, as a fuel, or in the original analysis/process.     

Deep bed filtration of anaerobic cattle manure effluents with natural zeolite

Abstract

This study was carried out in a pilot plant for the treatment of anaerobic cattle manure waste. The pilot plant consisted of a semicontinous anaerobic reactor, a settling tank, a filtration process and an ionic exchange column. The study was focused on the filtration process, with natural zeolite as filtering material. In the filtration process different media sizes of natural zeolites packed in columns were tested. The ranges of media size were 0.4 ‐ 1.0, 1.0 ‐ 3.0 and 3.0 ‐ 5.0 mm. Filtration systems operated by gravity flow from 2 to 10 m³m^‐2h^‐1. The process control was done by assays of solids, turbidity, total and soluble COD, ammonium and orthophosphate. The results showed a better behaviour in the filters packed with a media size range between 1.0 and 3.0 mm, operating at 7 m³m^‐2h^‐1, principally when effluent gross particles were previously retained in an Heterogeneous Media Filter, operating at 4 m³m^‐2h^‐1. The head losses diagrams in the filter runs were obtained, at each operational conditions. The hydraulic behaviour of traditional silica sand and natural zeolite beds were compared at the same operational conditions.     

高炉煤气洗涤含CN-废水治理

采用碱性氯化法处理高炉煤气洗涤含CN-废水 ,实践结果表明CN-的去除率平均达 94%以上。该方法可有效控制废水中CN-的浓度 ,可做到达标排放     

一段式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术与工艺

分别从一段式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化技术的原理、影响因素、工艺反应器形式及应用等几个方面进行阐述,归纳了温度、p H、基质浓度、DO等对该工艺的影响;总结了一段式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动特征;比较了颗粒污泥和生物膜两类生物载体系统的脱氮效能;最后分析了一段式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化技术存在的问题及发展趋势。     

Heavy metal removal from industrial effluents by sorption on cross-linked starch: chemical study and impact on water toxicity

Batch sorption experiments using a starch-based sorbent were carried out for the removal of heavy metals present in industrial water discharges. The influence of contact time, mass of sorbent and pollutant load was investigated. Pollutant removal was dependent on the mass of sorbent and contact time, but independent of the contaminant load. The process was uniform, rapid and efficient. Sorption reached equilibrium in 60 min irrespective of the metal considered (e.g. Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe and Cd), reducing concentrations below those permitted by law. The material also removed residual turbidity and led to a significant decrease in the residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) present in the industrial water discharge. The germination success of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was used as a laboratory indicator of phytotoxicity. The results show that the sorption using a starch-based sorbent as non-conventional material, is a viable alternative for treating industrial wastewaters.     

核-壳表面磁性印迹聚合物的制备及其对水中双酚A的特异性去除

采用表面印迹技术制备了核-壳结构的磁性分子印迹聚合物(Fe3O4@SiO2-MIPs),在外磁场作用下该吸附剂很容易实现固-液分离.采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对产物的结构进行了表征.通过平衡吸附实验与斯卡查德(Scatchard)分析证实了Fe3O4@SiO2-MIPs对双酚A的吸附选择性.Freundlich模型拟合吸附等温线的相关系数R2=0.995 2;准二级动力学模型很好地拟合了吸附动力学,相关系数R2达到了0.999 9.在弱酸性条件下,制备的印迹材料表现出高吸附效率和快速的吸附动力学,达到90%的去除率仅需40 min;各种离子的存在不影响双酚A的吸附率;与非印迹聚合物(Fe3O4@SiO2-NIPs)比较,Fe3O4@SiO2-MIPs对湖水中加标的双酚A表现出显著的亲和性;7次的重复使用而性能没有明显下降证明了Fe3O4@SiO2-MIPs的可重复使用性.     

Peroxymonosulfate enhanced photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants and simultaneously cathodic recycling of silver

Degradation of organic contaminants with simultaneous recycling of Ag⁺ from silver-containing organic wastewater such as photographic effluents is desired. Although photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) technology is a good candidate for this type of wastewater, its reaction kinetics still needs to be improved. Herein, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was employed to enhance the PEC kinetics for oxidation of phenol (PhOH) at the anode and reduction of Ag⁺ at the cathode. The degradation efficiency of phenol (PhOH, 0.1 mmol/L) was increased from 42.8% to 96.9% by adding 5 mmol/L PMS at a potential of 0.25 V. Meanwhile, the Ag (by wt%) deposited on the cathode was 28.1% (Ag₂O) in PEC process, while that of Ag (by wt%) was 69.7% (Ag⁰) by adding PMS. According to the electrochemistry analysis, PMS, as photoelectrons acceptor, enhances the separation efficiency of charges and the direct h⁺ oxidation of PhOH at the photoanode. Meantime, the increasing cathode potential avoided H₂ evolution and strongly alkaline at the surface of cathode, thus enabling the deposition of Ag⁺ in the form of metallic silver with the help of PMS. In addition, PMS combined with PEC process was effective in treating photographic effluents.     

Differential toxic response of Chironomus travalensis kieffer ( Chironomidae : Diptera ) to some industrial effluents

Acute toxicity testing of some industrial effluents (rubber (Rr), brewery (Br), and bottling (Bt)) on Chironomus travalensis (Diptera larvae) was determined at 96-h using a static bioassay technique. Effluent quality characterization revealed acidic pH values of 4.5 for Rr, 5.64 for Br, and 4.32 for Bt effluents. Tests were carried out in replicates between 10 and 100% effluent concentrations. Mortality rate rose progressively with increasing concentrations. Bt effluent was the most toxic with 96-h LC₅₀ of 61.5%, closely followed by Rr effluent with 96-h LC₅₀ of 87% and the least toxic was Br effluent with 96-h LC₅₀ of 90%.