印染废水生化出水中有机污染物特性及在硫酸镁混凝过程中的去除行为

以某印染废水二级生化出水为研究对象,考察了生化出水中有机污染物中各组分含量、分子量分布特点等特性,以及各类有机物在硫酸镁混凝处理过程中的去除行为.实验结果表明,该印染废水的生化出水溶解性有机物的主要成分是疏水性物质,以溶解性有机碳（DOC）表征时占总DOC的78%,其中非酸疏水物质约占46%,而以UV254表征时约占总55%,以美国染料生产协会色度值（ADMI7.6）表征时为97%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到66%,并且非酸疏水物质中不饱和双键或芳香环有机物的含量较高.生化出水中的DOC主要集中在小于1000 D的有机物上,占37%.在硫酸镁的最佳混凝条件下,可以有效地去除由大分子量的非酸疏水物质引起的色度,而对小分子量的有机物也有一定的去除效果.     

Methanogenic toxicity and continuous anaerobic treatment of wood processing effluents

Wood processing effluents contain different types of phenolic compounds, from simple monomers to high molecular weight (MW) polyphenolic polymers, that can inhibit wastewater treatment. This work presents a comparative study of the methanogenic toxicity produced by three wood processing effluents (hardboard, fiberboard and BKME (kraft mill effluent)) using Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus and Tepa as feedstock (the last one being a native Chilean tree species). This study evaluates the influence of non-adapted granular and adapted flocculent sludge on forest industrial wastewater treatment as well as continuous anaerobic biodegradation of hardboard processing effluent using the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The adapted biomass (flocculent sludge) did not show any lag-phase signs. The 50% IC (the concentration causing 50% inhibition of methanogenic activity) was 4.3 g COD-effluent (chemical oxygen demand (COD)-of the effluent)/l and 2.8 g COD-effluent/l for the flocculent sludge and the granular sludge, respectively. The UASB system worked at low organic load rates (0.1-0.4 g COD/l d) with the COD removal ranging between 10 and 30%, and color removal did not occur under anaerobic conditions due to high MW. Indeed, the MW analysis indicates the presence of phenolic compounds over 25,000 Da in the anaerobic effluent.     

In vitro immunotoxicity of untreated and treated urban wastewaters using various treatment processes to rainbow trout leucocytes

Municipal effluents are known to impede the immune system of aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to examine the immunotoxicity of urban wastewaters before and after 6 treatment processes from 12 cities toward trout leucocytes. Freshly prepared trout leucocytes were exposed to increasing concentrations of solid phase (C18) extracts of wastewaters for 24 hr at 15℃. Immunocompetence was determined by following changes in leucocyte viability and the proportion of cells able to ingest at least one (immunoactivity) and at least three (immunoefficiency) fluorescent beads. The influents were treated by six different treatment strategies consisting of facultative aerated lagoons, activated sludge, biological aerated filter, biological nutrient removal, chemically-assisted physical treatment and trickling filter/solid contact. Water quality parameters of the wastewaters revealed that the plants effectively removed total suspended solids and reduced the chemical oxygen demand. The results revealed that the effluents' immunotoxic properties were generally more influenced by the properties of the untreated wastewaters than by the treatment processes. About half of the incoming influents decreased leucocyte viability while 4 treatment plants were able to reduce toxicity. The influents readily increased phagocytosis activity for 8/12 influents while it was decreased in 4/12 influents. This increase was abolished for 4/12 of the effluents using treatments involving biological and oxidative processes. In conclusion, municipal effluents have the potential to alter the immune system in fish and more research will be needed to improve the treatments of wastewaters to better protect the quality of the aquatic environment.     

Coping with the environmental effects of point-source discharges

Current methods for assessing the environmental impact of point source discharges in the United States are reviewed. The emphasis of many assessments of damage from pollution is shifting from chemical or technological standards to biological standards, i.e., the protection of biological integrity in the receiving system. The importance of integrating information from chemical measurements, toxicity tests, and field surveys in impact assessment is re-emphasized. Ways in which environmental professionals can improve methods for assessing damage from pollution and its control are discussed.     

Impact of coal industries on the quality of Damodar river water

Increasing demand for water in domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors necessitates exploitation of water either in the form of groundwater or from natural resources. To safeguard the long-term sustainability of water resources and their utilization, the quality of water has to be periodically monitored and determined for various characteristics, especially when the sources are polluted, such as Damodar river. Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad, is carrying out research work on coal and its utilization and associated environmental concerns. The blood stream of life for the whole Jharia Coalfield is none other than the river Damodar. CIMFR's campus also depends exclusively on river Damodar for meeting its demand of drinking water. This study is a general survey toward the characteristics of Damodar river water, with special emphasis on the pollutant parameters, and evaluation of the treatment process being carried out at the institute for potability. Damodar river water is indeed affected by the disposal of the wastes without any pre-treatment by different coal-based industries established in its basin. The quantity of dissolved and suspended solids, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, and coliform bacterial count are higher in Damodar water due to the disposal of the waste/effluents from coal-washing plants, coke ovens, cement, and other industries, but well within the permissible limit which is probably attributable to the high-carrying capacity of the river. The river is still not that much affected as it is usually apprehended, and it can be well utilized for potable and domestic purposes after simple treatment.     

Effects of catalytic hydrogenation on coal liquids which exhibit microbial mutagenic activity

An interdisciplinary strategy is outlined for characterizing the disposition of bioactive (toxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic) materials in coal‐derived hydrocarbon liquids during upgrading processing. Engineering input is required to select representative PDU and pilot‐scale samples and appropriate processing schemes and conditions for upgrading experiments to ensure reliable extrapolation of results to demonstration and commercial scale. Biology expertise is required to perform and interpret short‐term in vitro cellular assays and whole‐animal toxicity and carcinogenesis testing on raw and upgraded samples. Chemical separation and identification of active classes and components in the samples aid in interpreting bioactivity results and in quantifying effects of various upgrading processes and conditions. The end result will be a data base for reliably assessing and addressing potential occupational and environmental safety and health concerns associated with upgraded coal‐derived liquids.

An example of the value of this interdisciplinary approach is given by work performed on generically representative raw and hydrotreated SRC‐II gas oil samples. Biological and chemical characterization indicates significant loss of bioactivity during hydrotreatment, with one postulated mechanism being removal of primary amine groups from multi‐ring aromatic compounds.     

Significant increase of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) levels in MBR effluents followed by coagulation,ozonation and combined treatments: Implications for biostability control of reclaimed water

• Annual AOCs in MBR effluents were stable with small increase in warmer seasons. • Significant increase in AOC levels of tertiary effluents were observed. • Coagulation in prior to ozonation can reduce AOC formation in tertiary treatment. • ∆UV₂₅₄ and SUVA can be surrogates to predict the AOC changes during ozonation. As water reuse development has increased, biological stability issues associated with reclaimed water have gained attention. This study evaluated assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in effluents from a full-scale membrane biological reactor (MBR) plant and found that they were generally stable over one year (125–216 µg/L), with slight increases in warmer seasons. After additional tertiary treatments, the largest increases in absolute and specific AOCs were detected during ozonation, followed by coagulation-ozonation and coagulation. Moreover, UV₂₅₄ absorbance is known to be an effective surrogate to predict the AOC changes during ozonation. Applying coagulation prior to ozonation of MBR effluents for removal of large molecules was found to reduce the AOC formation compared with ozonation treatment alone. Finally, the results revealed that attention should be paid to seasonal variations in influent and organic fraction changes during treatment to enable sustainable water reuse.     

造纸漂白废水中多氯联苯的测定

介绍了造纸氯化漂白废水中痕量多氯联苯的测定方法,采用国产ＧＤＸ－５０１树脂进行富集,经素氏提取,浓硫酸洗涤和去活化的氧化铝－硝酸银硅胶层析柱净化后,用毛细管气相色谱法测定,实验结果表明,造纸氯化漂白废水中产生的ＰＣＢｓ为１０＾－９级,且以低氯取代产物为主,方法回收率在６０％以上。     

草制浆造纸中段废水处理及回用技术分析研究

中段废水是制浆造纸工业的主要污染源之一，从工程设计的角度出发，对草制浆造纸中段废水处理及回用提出一套可行适用的工艺方案；对主要工艺环节参数、设备备有说明，以供同行借鉴。