Uptake of radionuclides and stable elements from paddy soil to rice: a review

The critical paths for radionuclides and the critical foods in Asian countries differ from those in Western countries because agricultural products and diets are different. Consequently, safety assessments for Asian countries must consider rice as a critical food. As most rice is produced under flooded conditions, the uptake of radionuclides by rice is affected by soil conditions. In this report, we summarize radionuclide and stable element soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) for rice. Field observation results for fallout ¹³⁷Cs and stable Cs TFs indicated that while fallout ¹³⁷Cs had higher TF than stable Cs over several decades, the GM (geometric mean) values were similar with the GM of TF value for ¹³⁷Cs being 3.6 × 10⁻³ and that for stable Cs being 2.5 × 10⁻³. Although there are some limitations to the use of TF for stable elements under some circumstances, these values can be used to evaluate long-term transfer of long-lived radionuclides in the environment. The compiled data showed that TF values were higher in brown rice than in white rice because distribution patterns for elements were different in the bran and white parts of rice grains.     

基于实测光谱的叶绿素a估测模型

为了有效地监测太湖湖区的富营养化程度,建立一种最佳的估测模型。对太湖水体进行了连续监测,获得了从2004年10月20～29日的实测光谱数据和水质数据。通过实测光谱反射率和叶绿素a浓度的相关分析,得到了叶绿素a反演的最佳波段,并通过比值法、反射峰位置法、峰谷距离法、峰高法和一阶微分法建立了基于实测光谱的叶绿素a浓度的估测模型。通过14个检验点,分别对5种模型进行了对比分析,结果发现,通过比值法建立的估测模型总体误差最小,估测精度最高,其695 nm附近反射峰与677 nm反射谷的比值与叶绿素a浓度之间具有良好的相关性,可决系数R²可达0.7433,可以作为整个湖区叶绿素a浓度的最佳估测模型。最后,应用该模型对该季节湖区的营养化程度做出了总体评价。     

Interlaboratory comparisons in EMF survey measurements

This article presents methods and results of interlaboratory comparison in the electromagnetic field (EMF) survey measurements performed by Electromagnetic Environment Protection Laboratory. Based on the results, the author analyzed factors affecting the precision of EMF measurements, in particular—difficult to estimate—the “human factor”. In practice, the human factor has never been taken into account in the EMF measurements accuracy estimations budget, and the author estimate the importance of this factor that may include even up to half of the total uncertainty of measurements. Taking into account all factors depredating the accuracy of measurements, the uncertainty of the survey EMF measurements was estimated at the level of 2–4 dB.     

Why are Californians interested in hybrid cars?

This paper explores quantitatively Californians' interest in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) based on a statewide phone survey conducted in July 2004 by the Public Policy Institute of California. The paper develops ordered choice models and factors that summarise beliefs about energy and the environment using principal component analysis. As expected, Californians concerned about the environment, energy efficiency, global warming and recent increases in the price of gasoline state a higher interest in hybrids; an even more important reason for considering hybrid electric vehicles, however, is the possibility of using high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes while driving alone, especially for people with potentially long commutes to work. The findings also suggest that beliefs about energy and the environment should be included in vehicle type choice models.     

川西地区气田废水处理技术及应用

简要介绍了川西地区气田废水的水质特征,阐述了物理及化学处理、生物处理、气田废水回注在川西地区的应用,其中齐福废水处理站经过物理及化学处理之后、袁家废水处理站经过生物处理后,基本达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996),并对川西气田废水处理技术的发展做了展望。     

江苏省武进市高产水稻田氮素渗漏损失研究

小区试验与农户调查研究结果表明 ,2 87kg/hm2施氮量宜作为武进市高产水稻的适宜施氮量 ,氮肥的过多施用不仅导致秸秆对氮素的奢侈吸收 ,也加重氮肥对渗漏水的污染。进一步降低水稻田施氮水平 ,又保持高产的水稻生产技术尚待开发。     

青岛东风盐场中极端嗜盐古细菌的特性

从青岛东风盐场分离到3株嗜盐古细菌（编号：ZDA－1,ZDA－2和ZDA－5）,细胞为多形态杆状（0．7～15μm×2．0～50μm）,最适生长NaCl浓度为3．4mol／L,含有甘油二醚脂,类胡萝卜素色素和极性脂TGD－2（三糖基二醚脂）,x（C＋C）分别为63．7％,62．7％,和64．3％,据此,这3株菌可归入嗜盐小盒苗属（Hchoarcula）;但它们不水解淀粉,明胶不液化,不水解酪蛋白等生理生化特性不同于该属中现已正式承认的两个种,因此,本工作分离的3株菌可能是嗜盐小盒菌属一个新种.     

稻田环境与生物多样性实证研究

通过对浙江省安吉县的调查发现,在自然生态环境相似的两个自然村中,以农业为基础产业的禹山坞村稻田及其环境中水栖无脊椎动物、畦畔和沟渠植物的种类和数量多于以工业为主导产业的北村,稻田杂草和秋季稻田天敌的种类和数量少于北村。研究分析表明,稻田及其环境的生物种类和数量与农业生态环境质量的优劣及化肥、农药、除草剂的施用量密切相关。     

输电线路着火模型及分析

分析了输电线路绝缘层电热着火的原因 ,建立了两种着火模型 ,并给出了相应的边界条件。对模型的分析计算揭示了导线电流、绝缘层尺寸及绝缘材料物理化学性质与导线外围散热条件之间的相互制约关系。该模型对分析线路起火原因 ,预防电气火灾的发生具有实际意义。     

三峡库区复合农业生态系统及其建设途径

通过田间试验研究了长江三峡库区主要的复合农业生态系统类型及其特点。应用生态学原理和间套作技术,在三峡地区建立了“小麦－玉米－红薯、小麦－蔬菜、柑桔－小麦、稻田复合系统”等多种复合农业生态系统。田间试验结果表明,旱地采用“小麦－蔬菜”方式比传统的“小麦－玉米－红薯”方式提高经济效益４０％￣４７％,“中稻鸭鱼”模式的水稻产量达到了９５４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,比对照提高１２．５％。中稻－鱼、中稻－鸭鱼、中稻