Use of Ancient Sedimentary DNA as a Novel Conservation Tool for High‐Altitude Tropical Biodiversity

Conservation of biodiversity may in the future increasingly depend upon the availability of scientific information to set suitable restoration targets. In traditional paleoecology, sediment‐based pollen provides a means to define preanthropogenic impact conditions, but problems in establishing the exact provenance and ecologically meaningful levels of taxonomic resolution of the evidence are limiting. We explored the extent to which the use of sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) may complement pollen data in reconstructing past alpine environments in the tropics. We constructed a record of afro‐alpine plants retrieved from DNA preserved in sediment cores from 2 volcanic crater sites in the Albertine Rift, eastern Africa. The record extended well beyond the onset of substantial anthropogenic effects on tropical mountains. To ensure high‐quality taxonomic inference from the sedaDNA sequences, we built an extensive DNA reference library covering the majority of the afro‐alpine flora, by sequencing DNA from taxonomically verified specimens. Comparisons with pollen records from the same sediment cores showed that plant diversity recovered with sedaDNA improved vegetation reconstructions based on pollen records by revealing both additional taxa and providing increased taxonomic resolution. Furthermore, combining the 2 measures assisted in distinguishing vegetation change at different geographic scales; sedaDNA almost exclusively reflects local vegetation, whereas pollen can potentially originate from a wide area that in highlands in particular can span several ecozones. Our results suggest that sedaDNA may provide information on restoration targets and the nature and magnitude of human‐induced environmental changes, including in high conservation priority, biodiversity hotspots, where understanding of preanthropogenic impact (or reference) conditions is highly limited. Uso de ADN Sedimentario Antiguo como una Herramienta Novedosa de Conservación para la Biodiversidad Tropical de Grandes Altitudes     

旋风除尘器筒体倾斜角的仿真与优化

旋风除尘器结构简单、造价低廉、能耗极低,故得以长期应用,但其除尘效率因设计方法比较粗糙一般在60%以下,从而限制了其使用范围。很多结构参数均影响除尘器的效率,其中除尘器筒体的倾斜角度对效率的影响程度最高。以有限元理论为基础,以Fluent软件为工具,对关于除尘效率与倾斜角度依赖关系进行了系列仿真和优化,得出结论:若空气中颗粒物直径大于2.5μm,除尘器倾斜角为12.4°时,其除尘效率理论上可达到97%以上。通过实验初步验证了上述结果的可信度。     

气候变化视角下的我国沿海地区防潮设计标准研究 ——以福州滨海新城为例

分析了福州滨海新城所面临的洪潮灾害风险和海堤建设规划情况.从全球气候变化导致福建沿海海平面上升的影响出发,介绍了国外沿海城市在考虑气候变化背景下如何确定海堤设计标准和我国防潮堤设计标准确定方法,分析了我国防潮堤现行设计标准存在的问题和风险,并对未来福州滨海新城防潮堤设计标准改进提出了建议,可供我国沿海地区相关问题参考.     

MODIFIED WATER QUANTITY RECEIVING MODEL FOR FLORIDA CONSERVATION AREAS1

ABSTRACT: The Conservation Areas in South Florida have been considered as one of the major water storage areas to provide a water supply for the Everglades National Park and Lower East Coast (LEC). Due to the increasing water demands of the area, additional backpumping of the surplus runoff from the LEC area into the Conservation Areas has been considered as one of several alternative plans. The Receiving Water Quantity (EPA, 1971) model has been adapted and modified to be applicable in the Conservation Areas to investigate the possible impact of additional inflow under various backpumping cases. The modification of the model included Manning's roughness coefficient, depth of flow, width of hypothetical channels through marsh areas, rainfall input, seepage rate, etc. The use of the Monte Carlo technique for area computations was found to be easy and time saving both in area and weighting rainfall input to each node. Comparison of results generated by this modified model with the recorded values in Conservation Areas 1 and 2A indicated that the model not only can be a very good evaluation tool to simulate the hydraulic regime of the Conservation Areas system but also a proper tool for investigating the impact of additional inflow resulting from the backpumping related to the water use planning and management.     

CAUSES OF UGHT AVI'ENUATION IN TAMPA BAY AND CHARLOTTE HARBOR,SOUTHWESTERN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Vertical attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in clear waters of central Florida theoretically can vary almost 50 percent during a sunny summer day as a result of changing solar elevation. We used a simple formula to partially adjust the attenuation coefficient in Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor for changing solar elevation of the direct beam and then used multiple regression analysis to estimate the relative contribution of different water properties or constituents to the adjusted attenuation coefficient, k_adj. Color, on an average, was responsible for 18 percent of k_adj, chlorophyll a for 21 percent, nonchiorophyll suspended matter for 55 percent, and seawater for the remaining 6 percent. In both estuaries, k_adj increased with decreasing salinity as a result of freshwater runoff adding color, suspended matter, and nutrients. Nutrients affected attenuation by stimulating phytoplankton growth and increasing concentrations of chlorophyll a. Reduced nutrient loading to upper Tampa Bay (Hilisborough Bay) in the early to mid-1980's appears to have decreased concentrations of chlorophyll a, increased water clarity, and increased seagrass recolonization. Assuming other attenuating substances remained unchanged, the decrease in the average concentration of chlorophyll a from 30 to 15 μg L_?1 would correspond to an increase in the depth of light penetration necessary for seagrass survival (>10 percent incident light) from 1.0 to 1.5 m, which, on a relatively flat sea bed (slope of 2 m/km), would increase the area potentially available for seagram recolonization by 0.25 km²/km of shoreline.     

磨料浆液除锈机理的研究

本文将冲蚀机理引入金属除锈工艺。通过分析冲蚀的单元作用机理、冲击过程中能量平衡及影响冲蚀的诸因素，阐明了金属除锈的机理。利用刚性粒子冲击塑性材料的模型推导出了除锈效率较高的最佳射流入射角。在钢板除锈应用过程中先以９０°入射角冲击钢板，使钢板上的脆性表层很快形成赫兹裂纹，并且容易脱落，再以１６．４８°的入射角冲蚀钢板，效果理想。     

长江中、下游印支运动性质问题

本文以地层学的观点分析了长江中、下游地区早期中生代地层沉积及构造特征后,指出地层分布上虽存在“脱节”与“分离”,构造形态上存在差异和不协调,但在总体上又是统一和相成的,同于处一个构造体系之中。作者认为本区印支期地壳运动是一种和缓的、以升降作用为主的运动;地壳变形主要表现为隆起与拗陷。早期地壳上升(相当于金子运动)—由浅海逐渐变为陆地,晚期地壳上升(相当于南象运动)一形成了沉积间断和风化剥蚀,其中并发生构造运动的东向迁移和沉积作用的北向迁移。     

B级钢侧架圆角细节耐久性力学模型研究

根据Paris公式推导出适用于B级钢圆角细节耐久性分析的 ,在一定裂纹尺寸范围内的裂纹扩展速率公式及其检验方法 ,笔者模拟货车B级钢转 8A侧架的导框弯角内侧 (A区 )的圆角细部进行耐久性实验 ;以试验数据的检验证明 ,在 0 .4～ 4mm的尺寸范围内 ,选用的断裂力学模型是合理的 ;同时为建立合理的检修周期和寿命体系提供理论模型和安全评价基础。     

基于单线振动台的角振动试验系统研究

目的 考核陀螺类产品在角振动环境下的适应性。方法 开发基于单线振动台的角振动试验系统,该系统以线角转换原理为依据,设计铰接机械结构,将线振动台的平动自由度转换为转动自由度。以角振动控制原理为依据,设计控制流程,实现闭环控制。结果 开展了角定频试验和角扫频试验,对系统的控制效果进行了验证。对比了线参数控制和角参数控制2种方法,结果表明,角参数控制法具有更高的控制精度。由于闭环控制的作用,角参数控制法可通过驱动电压的调整直接影响角参数值,从而抵消了部分由于系统连接、解耦或振动引入的误差。结论 该角振动试验系统解决了双台角振动旋转半径受限、线能力受限等问题,克服了摇摆台频带过窄的问题,为角振动试验提供一种新的实施方法。     

水位高程变化对湿地土壤微生物代谢功能的影响研究——以蚌湖为例

在淡水湖泊生态系统中,水位高程的变化会对整个生态系统产生重要的影响。本研究以鄱阳湖最具代表性的碟形湖——蚌湖为实验地点,研究了水位高程对于湖泊湿地土壤微生物代谢功能的影响。在实验中沿水位高程及植被带演替布设6个样地,利用Biolog-Eco技术探究不同水位高程样地土壤微生物群落代谢功能的多样性及分布规律。结果表明:随着样地水位高程的降低,土壤含水量逐渐升高,地表植被的覆盖率逐渐减少,土壤有机养分出现先减小后增大的趋势;而土壤微生物对碳源代谢活性随着高程的降低依次减弱,且优先利用的碳源种类和碳源利用率也有显著不同。通过dbRDA排序分析表明:土壤微生物群落功能多样性沿高程呈现区域性分布特征,相邻的两样地土壤微生物碳源代谢功能更为相近。影响湿地土壤微生物碳源代谢功能的主要因子为土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量、pH、NH_4-N和地表植被类型。本研究结果可为合理管理和保护鄱阳湖湿地生态系统提供科学的指导。