过氯乙烯滤膜采样-酸消解-钼蓝光度法测定磷酸雾

建立了过氯乙烯滤膜采样 -酸消解 -钼蓝分光光度法测定磷化车间磷酸雾的监测方法。实验室模拟采样的捕集效率为 95 7%～ 99 1 %。单个实验室对含 5μg和 1 5μg样品进行多次测定 ,其相对标准差小于 5% ,样品加标回收率为 98 2 %～ 1 0 0 5% ,方法检测限为 0 0 0 7mg/m3。对标样测定 ,结果均在给定值范围内。用该法与等离子发射光谱法(ICP)对 5个样品进行比对测定 ,结果均令人满意。     

Effects of bed materials on the performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating domestic sewage

The objective of this study was to determine the best performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR) based on the use of four different bed materials as support for biomass immobilization. The bed materials utilized were polyurethane foam (PU), vegetal carbon (VC), synthetic pumice (SP), and recycled low-density polyethylene (PE). The AnSBBR, with a total volume of 7.2L, was operated in 8-h batch cycles over 10 months, and fed with domestic sewage with an average influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 358+/-110mg/L. The average effluent COD values were 121+/-31, 208+/-54, 233+/-52, and 227+/-51mg/L, for PU, VC, SP, and PE, respectively. A modified first-order kinetic model was adjusted to temporal profiles of COD during a batch cycle, and the apparent kinetic constants were 0.52+/-0.05, 0.37+/-0.05, 0.80+/-0.04, and 0.30+/-0.02h(-1) for PU, VC, SP, and PE, respectively. Specific substrate utilization rates of 1.08, 0.11, and 0.86mg COD/mgVS day were obtained for PU, VC, and PE, respectively. Although SP yielded the highest kinetic coefficient, PU was considered the best support, since SP presented loss of chemical constituents during the reactor's operational phase. In addition, findings on the microbial community were associated with the reactor's performance data. Although PE did not show a satisfactory performance, an interesting microbial diversity was found on its surface. Based on the morphology and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) results, PE showed the best capacity for promoting the attachment of methanogenic organisms, and is therefore a material that merits further analysis. PU was considered the most suitable material showing the best performance in terms of efficiency of solids and COD removal.     

污水厂污泥一体化竖式强化渗滤浓缩自然干化与消化研究

针对目前国内污泥处理处置存在的问题,为实现污泥浓缩消化一体化,开发了污泥一体化强化渗滤浓缩自然干化与消化新工艺反应器,并进行了城市水厂污泥处理试验.结果表明,在有机负荷为0.8 kg VSS/(m3·d)、平均水力停留时间为8.3 d、污泥停留时间为120 d的条件下,污泥有机物去除率可达到44.4%,排泥含水率达到79.1%,污泥消化与浓缩过程起到了相互促进的作用.渗滤液须抽回至污水处理厂处理.     

黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物中总磷3种提取方法的比较

通过微波消解法、标准测试方法(SMT)和碱熔法分别测定了水系沉积物成分分析标准物质GBW07307a(GSD-7a)中的总磷(TP)含量,并分别采用3种方法对采集于黄河流域甘宁蒙段表层沉积物样品进行TP含量和样品加标回收率的测定。结果表明:测定标准物质的相对误差绝对值:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法;变异系数:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法。同时,微波消解法提取的表层沉积物TP含量的范围为634.3~909.2μg/g;SMT法TP含量的范围为627.1~889.5μg/g;碱熔法TP含量的范围为559.1~784.8μg/g。微波消解法的测定结果相对偏高,SMT法的测定结果相对偏低。样品加标回收率平均值:微波消解法SMT法碱熔法;变异系数:微波消解法碱熔法SMT法。综合测定标准物质中TP含量以及样品加标回收率实验结果的准确度和精密度,对于黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物,使用SMT法提取TP较优于微波消解法和碱熔法。     

进口与国产COD消解测定仪测定废水COD的比对研究

应用消解分光光度法,比对了一款进口仪器和一款国产仪器应用于实际水样中COD含量测定的差异性。通过精密度、回收率、方法比对等实验分析得出,2款仪器应用电热消解分光光度法测定COD,实验结果与国标回流滴定法的实验结果基本一致,无显著性差异,具有可比性,可广泛用于水质评价和环境监测。与国产仪器相比,进口测定仪具有较小的偏差,较高的回收率。国产测定仪偏差较大的原因主要在于其比色装置,而不是用于前处理的消解装置。比较分析了2款仪器的购买和使用经济成本,为广大企事业及科研单位选用COD消解测定仪提供了有价值的基础数据和参考建议。     

Aerobic treatment of swine manure to enhance anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation

Aerobic treatment of swine manure was coupled with anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation. A 14-day aerobic treatment reduced the total solid content of swine manure by >15%. Ammonia and carbon dioxide were stripped by the air supplied, and this off-gas was further used to aerate the culture of Chlorella vulgaris. The microalgal growth rates in Bristol medium and the wastewater with the off-gas increased from 0.08 to 0.22 g/L/d and from 0.15 to 0.24 g/L/d, respectively. Meanwhile, the aerobically treated swine manure showed a higher methane yield during anaerobic digestion. The experimental results were used to establish a demonstration unit consisting of a 100 L composter, a 200 L anaerobic digester, a 60 L tubular photobioreactor, and a 300 L micro-open raceway pond.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定石化废水中的重金属

建立了硝酸加热消解后采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)测定石化废水中重金属(As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb,Mn)的方法,优化了仪器工作参数,得到了线性回归方程,并对该方法进行了评价。优化后的仪器工作参数为射频功率1 150 W、雾化器流量0.70 L/min、辅助气流量0.50 L/min。各重金属元素回归方程的相关系数均在0.999 9以上,检出限为0.000 18~0.007 00 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.1%~2.0%,加标回收率为96.3%~102.2%。该方法具有线性关系好、检出限低、精密度和准确度高、分析速度快等优点。     

农作物病虫害专业化防治服务对农药施用强度的影响

农药过量施用已造成严重的负外部性。推行农作物病虫害专业化统防统治服务可以实现安全、科学、合理用药,有效缓解农业面源污染问题和提升食品的质量安全水平。为了探究病虫害专业化统防统治服务在缓解农业面源污染方面的效果,文章利用全国七省水稻病虫害专业化防治服务调查数据,基于倾向得分匹配方法(PSM),剔除样本自选择内生性问题的影响,分析农户将水稻病虫害防治环节外包给植保专业化服务组织("统防统治")与"自防自治"户相比使用农药的种类和施用次数的差异,即植保专业化防治是否取得了较好的环境效应。研究结果表明,植保专业化服务显著减少了农药施用强度,提高了无公害低毒农药的采用比例;并且其效果在小农户和规模种植大户之间存在明显差异,与采纳病虫害统防统治服务的规模种植大户相比,小规模种植户在采纳病虫害统防统治服务后在降低农药施用强度,提高无公害低毒农药的应用比例方面效果更显著。基于此,文章建议强化对植保专业化防治项目的财政扶持力度,提高病虫害专业化防治覆盖率;重点鼓励小规模种植户采纳病虫害统防统治服务;鼓励农户土地流转,促进农业生产规模化经营,加强对种植专业户的病虫害防治方面的培训和引导,并着力发挥专业大户的示范带头作用,提高统防统治的效率,从而促进食品质量安全水平的提升和农业生态环境的保护。     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化产沼气的试验研究

探究了温度、含固率、pH及接种率对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产沼量的影响,并设计L9(34)正交试验进行厌氧发酵工艺优化研究。结果表明,在温度为55℃、含固率为8%(质量分数)、pH为7.00、接种率为90%(质量分数)时,厌氧发酵累积产沼量为809.0mL/g(以挥发性固体计);各影响因素对产沼量的影响大小为温度pH接种率含固率。