MBBR工艺中SNEDPR的启动及性能研究

为探究同步硝化内源反硝化除磷(SNEDPR)强化移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)工艺脱氮除磷的可行性,采用连续曝气和搅拌/曝气交替运行的MBBR反应器,以磁性填料作为载体处理模拟生活污水,考察了SNEDPR启动过程中的脱氮除磷性能,并结合荧光显微镜和高通量测序技术对各个功能菌群结构变化情况进行了分析.结果表明,经两阶段运行后,氨氮和磷去除率分别达到97.6%和85.37%,出水NO₂^-—N、NO₃^-—N和COD浓度分别为1.3949,3.88和20.4mg/L,同步硝化内源反硝化率(SNEDR)由0.07%逐渐升高至86.35%.好氧阶段同步硝化内源反硝化率的提高,使出水NO_x^-—N浓度下降,提高了系统的脱氮性能和厌氧阶段内碳源的储存量.荧光显微镜和高通量测序结果表明,经过53d的运行,微生物群落多样性呈显著提高,系统内GAOs、AOB、NOB丰度的提高(分别由接种污泥中的3.3%、0.84%和0.66%提高至系统内的27.08%/20.48%、1.45%/1.76%和1.05%/0.85%)和PAOs、DPAOs的存在,保证了系统的脱氮除磷性能,在MBBR工艺中实现了EBPR与SNED的耦合.     

离子交换树脂在污泥处理中的应用及展望

离子交换树脂(IER)因其不溶性以及可循环利用性被广泛用于废水处理,但目前仍缺乏其对污泥应用研究的综述。本文汇总了污泥中常见IER类型(阳离子交换树脂、阴离子交换树脂以及螯合树脂),并介绍了树脂的基本特性以及适用的污泥方向,其中阳离子交换树脂,尤其是强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂,适用范围最广。IER在污泥中的应用归为4类,分别为去除/回收重金属、回收磷、胞外聚合物提取以及调理污泥,并阐述了基本应用机理以及优缺点。针对IER在污泥中应用的不足,提出未来的研究方向,包括改性或开发新型IER去除/回收污泥中的重金属,优化IER直接回收污泥中磷的方法,改进IER调理污泥的方式以及开发新型分离IER与污泥的手段。本文有助于研究人员更好的了解IER在污水厂污泥中的应用现状,优化IER处理污泥的应用方式以及开发应用于污泥处理的新型IER。     

氯代烃污染场地生物自然衰减修复研究进展

随着监测自然衰减技术的不断发展和日趋成熟,其在氯代烃污染场地修复领域中的应用越来越广泛和深入。本文在简要回顾监测自然衰减技术来源和发展的基础上,围绕主导氯代烃去除的生物自然衰减过程,综合探究了影响监测自然衰减效率的污染物、生物和环境因素,概述了评估氯代烃污染场地自然衰减能力的实地监测和数值模拟手段,并基于室内模拟实验和场地实际应用现状,分析了其与强化衰减技术联合应用的发展趋势。今后需要在复合污染体系的自然衰减特征、生物降解调控机理研究、数值模拟及同位素分析等手段的应用等方面进一步深入研究,以期为氯代烃污染场地的绿色修复提供参考。     

Incorporating Climate Science in Applications of the U.S. Endangered Species Act for Aquatic Species

Aquatic species are threatened by climate change but have received comparatively less attention than terrestrial species. We gleaned key strategies for scientists and managers seeking to address climate change in aquatic conservation planning from the literature and existing knowledge. We address 3 categories of conservation effort that rely on scientific analysis and have particular application under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA): assessment of overall risk to a species; long‐term recovery planning; and evaluation of effects of specific actions or perturbations. Fewer data are available for aquatic species to support these analyses, and climate effects on aquatic systems are poorly characterized. Thus, we recommend scientists conducting analyses supporting ESA decisions develop a conceptual model that links climate, habitat, ecosystem, and species response to changing conditions and use this model to organize analyses and future research. We recommend that current climate conditions are not appropriate for projections used in ESA analyses and that long‐term projections of climate‐change effects provide temporal context as a species‐wide assessment provides spatial context. In these projections, climate change should not be discounted solely because the magnitude of projected change at a particular time is uncertain when directionality of climate change is clear. Identifying likely future habitat at the species scale will indicate key refuges and potential range shifts. However, the risks and benefits associated with errors in modeling future habitat are not equivalent. The ESA offers mechanisms for increasing the overall resilience and resistance of species to climate changes, including establishing recovery goals requiring increased genetic and phenotypic diversity, specifying critical habitat in areas not currently occupied but likely to become important, and using adaptive management. Incorporación de las Ciencias Climáticas en las Aplicaciones del Acta Estadunidense de Especies en Peligro para Especies Acuáticas     

Greenhouse evaluation and environmental impact assessment of different urine-derived struvite fertilizers as phosphorus sources for plants

A selection of six urine-derived struvite fertilizers generated by innovative precipitation technologies was assessed for their quality and their effectiveness as phosphorus sources for crops. Struvite purity was influenced by drying techniques and magnesium dosage. In a greenhouse experiment, the urine fertilizers led to biomass yields and phosphorus uptakes comparable to or higher than those induced by a commercial mineral fertilizer. Heavy metal concentrations of the different struvite fertilizers were below the threshold limits specified by the German Fertilizer and Sewage Sludge Regulations. The computed loading rates of heavy metals to agricultural land were also below the threshold limits decreed by the Federal Soil Protection Act. Urine-derived struvite contributed less to heavy metal inputs to farmland than other recycling products or commercial mineral and organic fertilizers. When combined with other soil conditioners, urine-derived struvite is an efficient fertilizer which covers the magnesium and more than half of the phosphorus demand of crops.     

Meta-analysis of the effects of upstream land cover on stream recovery

Unpredictable or variable ecosystem recovery from disturbance presents a challenge to conservation, particularly as the scale of human disturbance continues to increase. Theory suggests land-cover and disturbance characteristics affect recovery, but individual studies of disturbance and recovery frequently struggle to uncover generalizable patterns because of high levels of site-specific variation. To understand how land-cover, disturbance type, and disturbance duration influence ecosystem recovery, we used studies documenting recovery of 50 streams to perform a global meta-analysis of stream recovery from disturbances that affect water quality (e.g., oil spill, fire, wastewater). We extracted upstream natural and urban land-cover percentages for each site and performed model selection and averaging to identify influences on recovery completeness. Most streams improved following the end of a disturbance (median 240% of disturbed condition) but did not recover fully to baseline predisturbance condition within the studied period (median study period 2 years; median recovery 60% of baseline). Scale of disturbance in time and space did not predict recovery, but sites with higher percentages of upstream natural land cover had less complete recovery relative to sites with more urban or agricultural cover, possibly due to higher baseline conditions in these streams. Our findings suggest impacts to systems with low anthropogenic stress may be more irreversible than impacts to already modified systems. We call for more long-term evaluations of ecosystem response to disturbance and the inclusion of regional references and predisturbance reference conditions for comparison. A more thorough understanding of the role of the surrounding landscape in shaping stream response to disturbance can help managers calibrate expectations for recovery and prioritize protection.     

Effects of Spatially Extensive Control of Invasive Rats on Abundance of Native Invertebrates in Mainland New Zealand Forests

Predation on native fauna by non‐native invasive mammals is widely documented, but effects of predation at the population level are rarely measured. Eradication of invasive mammals from islands has led to recovery of native biota, but the benefits of controlling invasive mammal populations in settings where eradication is not feasible are less understood. We used various combinations of aerially delivered toxic bait and control measures on the ground to reduce abundances of invasive rats (Rattus rattus) to low levels over large areas on mainland New Zealand and then monitored the abundance of invertebrates on replicated treatment sites to compare with abundances on similar nontreatment sites. We also assessed rat diet by examining stomach contents. Abundance of the rats’ most‐consumed invertebrate prey item, the large‐bodied Auckland tree weta (Hemideina thoracica), increased 3‐fold on treatment sites where we maintained rats at <4/ha for approximately 3 years, compared with the nontreatment sites. Auckland tree weta also increased in abundance on sites where rats were controlled with a single aerial‐poisoning operation, but rat abundance subsequently increased on these sites and tree weta abundance then declined. Nevertheless, our data suggest that biennial reduction of rat abundances may be sufficient to allow increases in tree weta populations. Other invertebrates that were consumed less often (cave weta [Rhaphidophoridae], spiders [Araneae], and cockroaches [Blattodea]) showed no systematic changes in abundance following rat control. Our results suggest that the significant threat to recruitment and individual survival that predation by rats poses for tree weta can be mitigated by wide‐scale aerial pest control. Efectos del Control Extensivo Espacial de Ratas Invasoras sobre la Abundancia de Invertebrados Nativos en Bosques de Nueva Zelanda     

基于无线电探空资料反演大气水汽资源的垂直层结特征

利用1999-2009年的探空资料分析北京地区对流层大气水汽资源的垂直层结特征,采用韦伯和指数分布拟合大气水汽密度的概率密度函数。初步结果表明,各层拟合均通过卡方拟合优度检验,拟合相关系数高,精度高,均方根误差小;韦伯和指数拟合平均相关系数分别为0.93、0.95;拟合均方根误差分别为0.009、 0.01 g/m³,北京地区大气水汽资源的垂直分布符合指数分布规律;有降水时,对流层水汽密度有一定的垂直层状结构,无降水时,水汽密度随高度增加递减。     

PLC在炼钢余热回收系统中的应用

针对利淮钢铁公司80t电炉在冶炼过程中产生的大量高温烟气,在优化原有除尘系统的同时,增加了余热回收系统,使整个系统在运行中既满足了环保要求又节约了大量能源;简要叙述了余热回收系统的工艺流程及西门子PLC在余热回收系统中的应用。     

保存温度及时间对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

通过改变保存温度和时间,研究了厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的变化规律以及污泥活性恢复能力.结果表明,保存温度、时间对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性影响显著.常温(15±2)℃、低温(5±2)℃对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性影响较小,而中温(30±2)℃、冷冻(-20±2)℃都会使其活性大幅降低,甚至消失.在保存的前30d厌氧氨氧化污泥活性迅速下降,然后趋于缓慢.根据衰减指数模型推出常温状态下衰减指数为0.0324,相对于其他温度最小.并根据保存温度、时间对其影响的特点提出了合适的保存方法,使得厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性能够在较短时间内得到恢复.