济宁南部区域耕作层土壤地球化学特征及其成因分析

济宁市南部区域是著名的国家商品粮、优质大蒜、优质稻米和有机蔬菜生产基地,由于土壤地球化学特征与农业生产、人类健康关系密切,所以对济宁南部区域耕作层土壤地球化学特征及其成因的研究具有十分重要的意义。本文以济宁南部煤田地区作为典型区域,以耕作层土壤为研究对象,采集了77件耕作层土壤样品,定量分析了As、B、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、F、Hg、Li、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sr、Se、Zn、S、Corg、p H、Si O2、TFe2O3、Mg O、Ca O、Na2O、K2O、CEC等共计26项指标。经统计分析发现,济宁南部区域耕作层土壤中地球化学指标含量变异系数的大小顺序为HgCECSCdNa2OMoCa OCorgAsMnCuMg OCoLiNiTFe2O3SeZnFCrPbBSi O2SrK2Op H,其中Hg、CEC和S的变异系数较大,均超过了50%,这一特点与地球化学指标含量频率直方图及平均值与背景值的比对柱状图所显示的特征完全吻合。在摸清耕作层土壤地球化学特征的基础上,采用R型因子分析法对济宁南部区域耕作层土壤地球化学特征的成因进行了详细分析,提取了风化作用和淋溶作用复合因素、蒸发淀积作用和粘土物理化学吸附作用复合因素、植物根际富集因素作用、煤矿生产因素作用等四个因子,其方差贡献率分别为55.022%、12.753%、9.803%、8.009%,四个因子可以用于说明济宁南部区域表层土壤地球化学特征85.587%的形成原因。研究结果可以为研究区今后开展耕作层土壤环境质量评价,以及生态平衡研究奠定基础。     

贵州省主要森林类型土壤有机碳密度特征及其影响因素

森林土壤有机碳是全球土壤有机碳库的重要组成部分,研究森林土壤有机碳对于减缓大气中CO2浓度持续升高具有重要的意义。本研究采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,以贵州桦木、栎类、柏木、云南松、杉木、马尾松、华山松等7种主要森林类型为主要对象,分析贵州主要森林类型土壤有机碳密度特征,探讨不同植被类型和环境因子对其的影响。结果表明:(1)贵州森林土壤有机碳密度约为180.62Mg/hm2,高于同纬度地区江西省森林土壤平均有机碳密度102.1Mg/hm2,表现出贵州森林土壤具有较高的固碳能力;(2)不同森林类型土壤有机碳密度变化范围为:114.52~388.29Mg/hm2,且差异显著(P0.05)。各种森林类型土壤有机碳密度大小为:华山松林杉木林柏木林栎类林马尾松林桦木林云南松林;(3)不同植被类型下各层土壤有机碳密度大小均以表层土壤为最大,且随土壤深度增加而降低;(4)在立地条件上,贵州森林土壤有机碳密度与海拔显著相关,与坡度、经度、纬度相关关系均不显著。     

土壤释汞通量影响因素研究进展

汞具有独特的物理化学性质和生物毒性,能在大气中长期滞留,对距离污染源较远的地区造成污染。土壤是一个巨大的汞库,土壤和大气界面汞的交换是汞的生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,能够对周围环境产生显著的影响。土壤释汞通量受到很多环境因素的影响,如土壤中汞的形态、土壤和大气中汞含量、土壤温度、光照、土壤湿度、降雨和灌溉、土壤p H和Eh、植被、气象因素、微生物等。环境因素的变化可能会导致土壤释汞通量的昼夜变化和季节变化。环境因素通常对土壤释汞通量进行复合影响,而最终的影响结果可能表现为协同或是拮抗作用。本文对影响土壤释汞通量的主要因素及其影响机理进行了详细地介绍,提出了对各种环境因素的复合效应的结果的研究需要进一步开展。     

废弃物焚烧行业二噁英废气排放因子修正研究

二噁英是一类含氧芳香族化合物,具有生物毒性,被称为“世纪之毒”.文章简述了二噁英污染源企业及主要排放源,重点介绍了废弃物焚烧行业二噁英排放现状与历年排放趋势,根据2012年-2014年实际监测数据计算了二噁英废气排放因子,并进行了修正.修正结果显示,近年来废弃物焚烧企业落实规范化管理和污染治理设施改造的推进使得修正排放因子远低于原排放因子,在此基础上提出了废弃物焚烧行业二噁英排放控制建议.     

火炮机械系统可靠性强化试验方案探讨

目的尝试将可靠性强化试验理论引入其可靠性研究中,提高火炮机械系统的可靠性。方法首先分析可靠性强化试验的发展动态及其应用于机械系统的必要性,而后在对其理论依据进行分析的基础上,明确火炮机械系统可靠性强化试验研究的目的。结果依据火炮机械系统的主要失效模式,制定了包含机械工作原理分析等7个步骤的可靠性强化试验方案,详细分析了各环节的内容及作用。结论研究结果为可靠性强化试验在火炮机械系统中的应用提供一定理论支撑。     

Identifying Conservation and Restoration Priorities for Saproxylic and Old-Growth Forest Species: A Case Study in Switzerland

Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems, as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments. We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order to identify potential species’ hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based on “richness hotspots” may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied. This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking. In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence.     

木工机械引发事故原因与预防措施

介绍木制品加工过程中的危险、有害因素，分析木工机械引发事故的原因，提出一些预防事故发生的措施．     

自然环境因素对铝合金大气腐蚀的影响性研究

目的 研究铝合金大气腐蚀受自然环境因素的影响性，探索环境因素对铝合金腐蚀的影响规律。方法 采用多层感知器神经网络分析环境因素对7种铝合金平均腐蚀速率的影响。结果 确定了影响铝合金腐蚀损伤的重要因素为SO2沉积率、Cl^–沉积率、NOx沉积率；辅要因素为年降雨量、年雾露时数、相对湿度、年日照时数、温度、铝合金成分；次要因素为年累积降水时数、雨水pH值。结论 基于多层感知器神经网络分析有效展现了环境因素对平均腐蚀速率的影响性。     

Variation of crack intensity factor in three compacted clay liners exposed to annual cycle of atmospheric conditions with and without geotextile cover

Performance of compacted clay liners commonly used as landfill barrier systems can be subject to decline in terms of hydraulic conductivity if left exposed to atmospheric conditions for an extended period of time prior to placement of overlaying layers. The resulting desiccation cracking can lead to increased hydraulic conductivity. Desiccation crack intensity was studied for three clayey soils commonly used for construction of landfill barrier system in a relatively large scale test setup exposed to real time atmospheric conditions over a complete annual cycle. A white separator geotextile cover was presumed to be capable of reducing the intensity of desiccation cracking through absorbing and maintaining higher amounts of moisture and reducing the temperature of the soil surface in comparison to a directly exposed soil surface. Desiccation cracking was monitored using a digital imaging technique for three compacted clay liners in two sets, one open to air and the second covered with the white geotextile. Crack intensity factor approached a relatively stable phase after certain cycles corresponding to atmospheric dry wet cycles. The results indicated that the white separator geotextile was capable of reducing the crack intensity factor by 37.4–45.9% throughout the experiment including the cyclic phase of desiccation cracking. During the stable phase, the maximum reduction in crack intensity factor of 90.4% as a result of applying geotextile cover was observed for the soil with the lowest plastic index and clay content and therefore the lowest magnitude of crack intensity factor. The other two soils with similar clay content but different plastic index showed 23.6% and 52.2% reductions in crack intensity factor after cyclic phase when covered with geotextile.     

The nexus between eco-friendly technology and environmental degradation in India: Does the N or inverted N-shape load capacity curve(LCC) hypothesis hold?

This study aims to investigate the impact of eco-friendly technology on environmental degradation indicated using the load capacity factor (LCF) with the framework of the Load Capacity Curve (LCC) hypothesis. In this regard, an environmental degradation function is formed and analyzed using the Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (AARDL) approach during the period spanning from 1975 to 2021 for India. The outcome indicates that eco-friendly technology reduces the LCF, thereby fostering environmental degradation in the long run, but the relationship is not significant in the short run. Further, an N-shaped LCC hypothesis has been observed in both long and short runs. Besides, energy consumption exhibits a LCF reducing or environmental degradation boosting role in the short run and long run. These findings are consistent with other models that are used to check the robustness of AARDL-based results. Thus, the study recommends policies for promoting eco-friendly technology, judicious economic growth, and cautious energy consumption to attain sustainable development by increasing the LCF in India.