Soil erosion response to climatic change and human activity during the Quaternary on the Loess Plateau, China

We review published stratigraphic, archaeological and pedosedimentary evidence in order to reconstruct the history of soil erosion in China. Documentary evidence of climatic and flood events of the Yellow River and modern hydrological and meteorological data are synthesised to analyse the history of past human activity and its effects on soil erosion intensity during four nested periods of time during the Quaternary. The most intensive period of erosion during the Quaternary was in the Holocene. During the Holocene, intervals of intensive soil erosion occurred at 7500–7000 BP, 200 BCE–0 CE, 1000–1600 CE (Christian era) and during the 1930s, 1950s and the later part of the 1960s of the last century. Large-scale human activity including warfare during early Chinese history, population migration, the inner wars in 1930s, the Cultural Revolution and the recent national campaign to aid soil and water conservation are all closely related to the rate of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau and to sediment loads in the Yellow River. Overall, soil erosion during the transition from dry-cool to wet-warm climates was more intense than during wet-warm and cool-dry climatic episodes, but serious accelerated soil erosion has occurred during the last 2,500 years because of man-induced devastation of vegetation and other anthropogenic disturbance of the environment. Modern rates of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau are a combination of both intensive natural and human-induced erosions and are some four times greater than occurred in the geological past. The recent implementation of soil and water conservation measures has decreased sediment load in the Yellow River by 25%.     

Activity of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) under snow: social encounters synchronize individual activity rhythms

Microtine rodents usually display short-term activity rhythms synchronized by light. Social interactions have also been suggested to act as a zeitgeber, entraining individual activity, but evidence supporting this is scarce. In areas with a permanent snow cover during winter, small rodents spend most of the time in the subnivean space, between the snow cover and the ground, where they most likely are unaffected by otherwise dominating photoperiodic cues. The subnivean space, however, is fragmented, and this limits movement and may isolate individuals living just a few meters apart. These conditions provide excellent opportunities to test for the existence of social synchronization. During two winters, I experimentally decreased the subnivean fragmentation by placing out a network of corrugated aluminium sheets on the ground before snowfall, thus increasing the potential for movement and social interaction within the subnivean space. Other areas were left as controls. Intensive PIT-tag monitoring in the subnivean system provided individual activity data of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) without disturbing normal activity. The data revealed that microtines under snow displayed a free-running activity rhythm and that the activity was evenly distributed throughout the 24-h day, indicating a lack of photo-entrainment. Despite this lack of light, interacting individuals were synchronous, and pairwise synchrony decreased with decreasing potential for social interactions. These results suggest that social interactions indeed entrain microtine activity. Several possible adaptive advantages of the synchrony of microtine rodent activity have been proposed, and these theories are discussed in light of the result presented.     

城市不同危险人群血铅与ALAD活性和FEP值的关系

本研究测试了某城市６０例暴露于不同浓度空气铅的血铅水平、δ－ＡＬＡＤ活性和ＦＥＰ值。结果表明其血铅水平随暴露程度的增大而升高，δ－ＡＬＡＤ活性则随暴露和蔼的增大而降低，经统计学分析，各组之间存在显著性差异。     

Seasonal Dynamics of Cattle Reproduction in the North

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

基于酶化学计量法探究有机无机肥配施调控果园土壤微生物碳、磷代谢机制

土壤微生物的C、N、P养分需求和代谢限制与环境养分的有效性有着密切关系.然而,有机无机肥配施如何影响苹果园土壤微生物C、N、P代谢限制亟待进一步研究.因此,基于2008年建立的苹果园长期定位试验,应用土壤酶化学计量学理论与方法,系统研究有机无机肥配施对土壤C、N和P周转相关的酶活性（β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶,NAG;L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶,LAP;碱性磷酸酶,PHOS）及其化学计量特征的影响,并分析其与环境因子和微生物碳利用率之间的关系.试验共设4个处理,分别为不施肥（CK）、单施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和化肥配施有机肥（MNPK）.结果表明：①在果树各生育期,施用有机肥处理（MNPK和M）的微生物量碳（microC）含量显著高于不施有机肥处理（CK和NPK）;微生物量氮（microN）含量,在萌芽期NPK、MNPK和M处理比CK处理分别增加了89%、269%和213%（P<0.05）.②CK处理在萌芽期有较高的叶片ω（N）和ω（P）（29.8 g ·kg^-1和2.17 g ·kg^-1）,并且仅果树萌芽期的叶片P含量与土壤有效磷（AP）含量呈显著负相关.③土壤酶化学计量分析的所有数据点均在1 ：1线以上,表现为微生物群落存在较强的P限制;果树生长期,矢量长度和角度的变化范围分别为0.56~0.79和59.3°~67.7°,且研究中矢量角度均>45°,也体现了微生物存在较强的磷限制.④RDA和随机森林模型分析结果表明,有机碳和速效氮（AN）是影响矢量长度的主要理化因子,AP、AN和土壤含水量是影响矢量角度的主要理化因子;SEM分析表明,AN和可溶性有机碳（DOC）直接影响microC和microN,AP直接影响microP和microN,DOC和AP直接影响矢量长度,AP和microN直接影响矢量角度;微生物碳利用率与矢量长度呈显著正相关,与矢量角度呈显著负相关.综上所述,有机无机肥配施通过影响果树不同生育期土壤碳和磷含量,调控微生物碳、磷代谢进而影响微生物碳利用率,为有机无机肥配施提升土壤质量、维持土壤健康提供科学依据.     

缢蛏对潮间带原油污染的氧化应激及IBR评价

通过研究不同浓度原油污染对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)鳃和内脏团抗氧化酶活性、脂质过氧化及鳃结构的影响,结合综合生物标志物响应(IBR),探讨潮间带原油污染对生物的毒性效应.结果显示:在剂量-效应方面,2种组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和内脏团中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)总体上表现为低浓度诱导、高浓度抑制效应;SOD诱导与过氧化氢酶(CAT)抑制同时出现,规律大致相反.在时间-效应上,SOD活性呈升高-降低-升高的趋势, CAT与GPx呈先降低后升高的趋势;谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)在鳃中呈现先升高后降低的趋势,酶活性最高为371.663U/mgprot.暴露前期(6h)缢蛏2种组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,鳃和内脏团中MDA含量最高值分别为5.030和10.705nmol/mgprot,后期逐渐平稳.IBR结果表明鳃中生物标志物对原油污染敏感度更高.原油暴露会使鳃丝结构发生变形或引起鳃丝脱离等现象.研究表明,缢蛏鳃更适宜作为潮间带原油暴露生物监测与评价的器官.     

厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺的启动及微生物群落变化特征

为了解厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化启动过程中脱氮除碳性能与微生物群落的关系,通过逐步提高进水COD浓度研究了SAD启动过程中脱氮除碳性能和微生物群落变化.结果表明,随着进水COD浓度增加,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_2--N的浓度保持稳定,平均去除率均在98%以上; TN去除率逐渐升高,第3阶段TN平均去除率为95. 6%,比厌氧氨氧化理论TN去除率高6. 8%;ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N明显下降,从0. 15～0. 17逐步降至0. 03～0. 07;厌氧氨氧化脱氮贡献率逐渐下降,反硝化脱氮贡献率逐渐上升,COD去除率逐步增加.污泥活性分析表明SAD启动后污泥反硝化活性明显增加,厌氧氨氧化活性略微降低.高通量测序结果表明,反应器内微生物的优势菌门为绿弯菌门、浮霉菌门、厚壁菌门、装甲菌门和变形菌门,微生物群落特征与SAD脱氮除碳性能密切相关,与脱氮除碳有关的功能微生物主要有厌氧氨氧化菌、厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌,SAD启动后反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌丰度减少,厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌丰度明显增加.     

典型煤炭产业园区土壤重金属污染对细菌群落结构的影响

煤炭产业活动可导致一定程度的土壤重金属污染,进而影响土壤微生物群落的正常组成区系.选取山西省襄垣县典型煤炭产业园区土壤为研究对象,系统解析4种不同类型企业(采煤厂、选煤厂、化工厂和燃煤电厂)和2种对照样地(村庄、公园)周边土壤的基本理化性质、重金属含量和酶活性的差异特征,基于高通量测序技术识别土壤细菌群落的结构,采用相关分析和冗余分析探究土壤细菌群落结构与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,研究区土壤均为碱性,Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Cd、 Pb和Hg等8种重金属的含量均高于山西省土壤元素背景值,其中As、 Cd和Pb的超标倍数较高,但均未超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618-2018)的风险筛选值.不同样地土壤纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶活性存在显著差异(P<0.05),它们分别在化工厂和公园土壤中活性最高.研究区土壤细菌群落的优势菌群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria),在化工厂周边土壤中相对丰度最大;其次为变形菌门(Proteobacteria).Cd、总碳、总氮和碱性磷酸酶活性是影响土壤细菌群落的显著环境因子,且主要影响着酸杆菌...     

降水改变下撂荒草地的化学计量失衡改变调节土壤呼吸

降水作为全球气候变化的关键因子,其变化会影响土壤呼吸.微生物是土壤呼吸的关键驱动因素,但是在不同降雨梯度下,针对脆弱生境地区,微生物化学计量与呼吸的关系还不明确.以黄土丘陵区典型撂荒草地为研究对象开展了原位模拟降雨变化的实验(5个降水梯度),测定了土壤呼吸、养分、微生物生物量和胞外酶,并计算微生物计量特征.结果表明：(1)土壤呼吸(SR)在增雨处理下土壤呼吸显著升高,而在减雨处理下显著降低.(2)降水变化影响了化学计量不平衡,其中活性资源库氮(N)与磷(P)之间的不平衡(N∶P不平衡)整体呈现出近“U”型趋势,活性资源库碳(C)与P之间的不平衡(C∶P不平衡)仅在2019年变化显著,变化趋势为：P50>P25>CK>D25>D50,表明C∶P不平衡对降雨变化更敏感.(3)随降雨量的增加土壤β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)降低,氮降解酶活性β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸胺肽酶(LAG)之和(NAG+LAP)在两年减雨处理期间显著下降;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在增雨条件下活性显著增强,而在减雨条件下活性显著减弱;BG∶(NAG+LAP)和BG∶ALP均...     

新疆喀纳斯景区道路沿线表土环境磁学特征

为验证环境磁学方法监测旅游景区道路沿线土壤污染的可行性,分别采集新疆喀纳斯旅游景区道路沿线区（距离道路 < 0.5 m）、远离道路区（距离道路>30 m）以及远离旅游活动区（作为对照区）的表土样品,利用磁测、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪方法对其磁学性质、空间分布及其成因进行研究.结果表明:①道路沿线区表土样品χ_LF（低频磁化率）、SIRM（饱和等温剩磁）平均值分别为194.24×10-8 m3/kg和2 288.62×10-5 Am2/kg,显著高于远离道路区和对照区.②道路沿线表土样品SOFT（软剩磁）、HIRM（硬剩磁）及S_-ratio（300 mT反向磁场测试的等温剩磁与SIRM比值的相反数）平均值分别是对照区的4.35、3.66、0.99倍,S_-ratio平均值接近于1,SIRM/χ_LF平均值小于20 kA/m,χ_FD（百分频率磁化率）平均值为2.04%,IRM（等温剩磁）获得曲线呈先快后慢的上升趋势.③道路沿线区表土样品的χ_LF、IRM_{20 mT}（20 mT正向磁场测试的等温剩磁）、SIRM相互之间以及三者与SOFT之间均呈显著正相关.χ_LF与χ_FD、SIRM/χ_LF均呈显著负相关,χ_FD与SIRM/χ_LF呈显著正相关,S_-ratio与SOFT呈显著正相关、与HIRM呈显著负相关.④道路沿线区和远离道路区表土样品的磁性矿物均存在光滑完整的球粒状、不规则或片状颗粒,其元素组成主要是C、O、Si、Al、Fe等,并含有微量的Ni、Cr、Mn等重金属元素.研究显示,新疆喀纳斯旅游景区道路沿线表土样品磁性矿物含量较高,载磁矿物以多畴、假单畴粗颗粒的亚铁磁性矿物为主导,χ_LF、SIRM、SOFT的空间变化趋势类似,均在通往湖口的道路处出现高值区,并且磁性颗粒较粗,形成潜在土壤污染区.道路沿线区表土样品磁性增强可能与旅游交通活动产生的磁性颗粒外源输入有关.因此,环境磁学方法具有大范围监测景区土壤环境、判别污染物来源和圈定旅游交通土壤污染范围的能力.