长链季铵盐的絮凝性能

采用FTIR技术对自制的长链季铵盐絮凝剂环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵进行了表征,研究了该絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效果,考察了絮凝剂加入量、溶液pH和絮凝时间对絮凝率的影响;并与常用絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果进行了对比。表征结果显示,合成的目标产物为环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵。实验结果表明：在絮凝剂加入量8 mg/L、溶液pH 9、絮凝时间50 min的条件下,絮凝率达到84.84%;在相同絮凝剂加入量的条件下,环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵的絮凝效果优于聚丙烯酰胺。     

Sorption of the herbicides diquat and difenzoquat from aqueous medium by polymeric resins in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate: Kinetic and mechanistic study

The goal of this work was to propose a novel method for the solid-phase extraction of the herbicides diquat (DQT²⁺) and difenzoquat (DFQT⁺) from aqueous medium using polymeric Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4 resins in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The addition of SDS to the medium was of fundamental importance in order to allow the formation of a negatively charged surface able to sorb the cationic solutes. Several factors that could influence the sorption process, such as SDS concentration in the medium, sorbent mass, pH, ionic strength, and initial concentration of the solutes were investigated. Kinetic studies were also performed to model the system and to identify the mechanisms that operate the sorption process of the herbicides. SDS concentration in the medium presented remarkable influence on the extraction efficiency, achieving maximum values when the ratios [SDS]/[herbicide] were approximately 90, for XAD-2, and 22 and 11 for DQT²⁺ and DFQT⁺, respectively, for XAD-4. The sorption process followed a pseudo second-order kinetic in all cases studied. It was also found that an intraparticle diffusion process controlled exclusively the sorption of the herbicides by the Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4 resins in the first 15 min, becoming less active with time.     

树脂及其复合材料在导弹中的失效机理

首先明晰了环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂、氰酸酯树脂化学结构与性能之间的内在关系,详细总结了上述树脂及其复合材料在飞行器中的应用情况、存在的主要问题以及改进方向。结合实际应用场景,基于自由基反应机理和扩散理论,重点阐述了环境条件（如温度、湿度、氧气含量、光照）等因素对材料老化以及性能退化的影响机制。从材料的化学结构和物理性能2个层面,结合仪器表征和分子模拟,全面介绍了导弹用复合材料失效的检测与评价方法以及各自优缺点。最后,展望了导弹用树脂及其复合材料性能改进的主要方法、失效机理的有效研究手段。     

铁屑微电解法预处理环氧树脂废水的研究

采用铁屑微电解法预处理环氧树脂废水,试验结果表明:经微电解处理后的废水,COD和色度的去除率分别达到52%和80 %,BOD5/COD从0.18提高到0.45,废水的可生化性得到显著提高.通过正交试验考察pH、反应时间、铁屑用量及反应温度对处理效果的影响,并对各因素做单因素影响试验,确定了最佳工艺条件.     

梯度化环氧涂层的制备与结构研究

目的提高环氧涂层的耐候性能,简化多层涂层体系的施工工艺。方法以氨基官能团硅树脂和聚酰胺为固化剂,共同固化环氧树脂,利用硅树脂中聚硅氧烷链段的表面迁移特性,制备得到一种聚硅氧烷/环氧梯度化层,探讨制备过程中硅树脂的用量和所用溶剂对涂层组成和结构的影响规律,采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱(SEM-EDS)、红外光谱(FTIR)、水接触角等方法对涂层结构进行表征。结果选用氨基官能团硅树脂与聚酰胺质量配比为2:8、二甲苯和正丁醇质量配比为1:1作为溶剂,得到的复合涂层表面富集聚硅氧烷链,同时底面含大量聚酰胺链段,具有链段分布的梯度化的结构。该梯度化清漆涂层经960 h盐雾老化后,无起泡、开裂、锈蚀等现象发生,具有优良防腐性能;经960 h人工加速紫外老化,失光率与色差仅为1%和8.9%,耐候性能优于常规环氧涂层。结论通过氨基官能团硅树脂和聚酰胺共固化,使环氧涂层表面富集聚硅氧烷链段,形成梯度化结构,具有耐候、防腐一体化的功能。     

离子交换树脂处理钢铁钝化含铬废水的研究

针对钢铁钝化含铬废水污染,采用弱碱阴离子交换树脂进行了系统的研究,通过静态试验考查了pH值、振荡时间和离子交换树脂用量的影响,使用反应柱动态试验法研究了树脂的再生,得到了令人满意的结果。     

TDE-85环氧/碳纤维复合材料热老化试验研究

采用动态热分析仪对TDE-85环氧/碳纤维复合材料进行测试,并在探索试验基础上,开展了一系列温度的热老化试验,选择弯曲强度作为TDE-85环氧/碳纤维材料的贮存寿命评定指标,通过对热老化试验后样品弯曲强度数据的统计分析,预测了其贮存寿命。     

环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层户外暴露试验与实验室综合加速试验的相关性研究

目的 研究有机涂层在拉萨试验站户外暴露试验与多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验条件下的相关性。方法 以环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层为研究对象,通过开展户外暴露试验和实验室综合模拟加速试验,利用光泽计和色差仪等分析设备,获得用于表征涂层老化性能的色差和失光率变化规律,比较涂层体系在2种试验条件下老化程度。采用ATR-FTIR、EIS等方法研究涂层分子结构变化和不同环境条件对涂层防腐性能的影响,并分析涂层的降解机理。采用Spearman秩相关系数(rhos)法计算涂层体系在2种环境下的相关性。结果 与户外暴露试验12个月相比,综合模拟加速试验60 d,环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层的色差和失光率基本一致,其色差的相关性为0.771 4,失光率的相关性为0.828 6。结论 与拉萨试验站户外暴露试验相比较,环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层体系在综合加速试验后的色差、失光率、红外光谱、电化学阻抗等关键性能参数变化趋势基本一致,老化机理基本相同。多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验装置能够综合模拟高原高寒气候环境下阳辐射、气压、温度和湿度等环境因素,具有较好的模拟性和相关性。     

原油胶质对石油烃生物降解作用的响应与降解研究

石油烃类生物降解产物形成胶质的过程与胶质的再降解过程交织,增加了原油生物转化过程的复杂度.以往对胶质组分辨识不足,使地表环境下石油污染物的稠化机制阐释薄弱及生物修复效率难以提高.本文利用从稠油污泥中筛选到的石油降解菌威尼斯不动杆菌（Acinetobacter venetianus）进行了原油混合物与胶质单族组分的生物降解模拟实验,利用傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR MS）测定胶质组分,按照氧原子数量进行分类,聚焦氧原子数量为O₂类极性化合物在石油烃生物降解过程中的响应变化及再转化机制,进一步揭示胶质组分的好氧生物降解作用机理.研究发现：在威尼斯不动杆菌（Acinetobacter venetianus）降解作用下,20、40及60 d不同时段原油饱和烃的总降解率分别为36.02%、43.46%和52.84%,其中正构烷烃、三环萜烷、藿烷、甾烷和二环倍半萜烷类化合物均有降解;60 d时芳烃中萘、菲、芴、联苯及三芳甾烷系列化合物的降解率分别为56.58%、63.46%、49.84%、59.47%及40.69%,生物降解明显;原油混合物及胶质单族组分中O₂类化合物变化复杂,形成与降解同步发生,脂肪酸和单环环烷酸随着时间延长明显增加;类异戊二烯酸、饱和脂肪酸、1~3环环烷酸、藿烷酸及多环环烷酸或芳香酸均为原油混合物中饱和烃及芳烃生物降解产物对于胶质组分的贡献,也是原油中O₂类极性组分对饱和烃及芳烃类生物降解作用的响应.石油烃形成的高碳数和低碳数酸均可源源不断进入胶质组分中,使原油的碳循环过程与生物修复过程更加复杂.因此,提高原油重质组分中胶质的生物修复效率是突破原油生物修复效率瓶颈的关键.     

How well does XAD resin extraction recover halogenated disinfection byproducts for comprehensive identification and toxicity testing?

Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are an unintended consequence of drinking water disinfection, and can have significant toxicity. XAD resins are commonly used to extract and enrich trace levels of DBPs for comprehensive, nontarget identification of DBPs and also for in vitro toxicity studies. However, XAD resin recoveries for complete classes of halogenated DBPs have not been evaluated, particularly for low, environmentally relevant levels (ng/L to low µg/L). Thus, it is not known whether levels of DBPs or the toxicity of drinking water might be underestimated. In this study, DAX-8/XAD-2 layered resins were evaluated, considering both adsorption and elution from the resins, for extracting 66 DBPs from water. Results demonstrate that among the 7 classes of DBPs investigated, trihalomethanes (THMs), including iodo-THMs, were the most efficiently adsorbed, with recovery of most THMs ranging from 50%-96%, followed by halonitromethanes (40%-90%). The adsorption ability of XAD resins for haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, and haloacetaldehydes was highly dependent on the individual species. The adsorption capacity of XAD resins for haloacetic acids was lower (5%-48%), even after adjusting to pH 1 before extraction. Recovery efficiency for most DBPs was comparable with their adsorption, as most were eluted effectively from XAD resins by ethyl acetate. DBP polarity and molecular weight were the two most important factors that determine their recovery. Recovery of trichloromethane, iodoacetic acid, chloro- and iodo-acetonitrile, and chloroacetamide were among the lowest, which could lead to underestimation of toxicity, particularly for iodoacetic acid and iodo-acetonitrile, which are highly toxic.