印制电路板诱发气候环境试验方法研究

为提升装备环境适应性设计水平,开展了印制电路板诱发气候环境试验方法研究。规定了电子设备印制电路板诱发气候环境试验的设备、仪器、样品、过程及评价等内容。适用于指导开展电子设备印制电路板诱发气候环境试验与制定评价规程。该试验方法在经过不断改进与完善后,将成为电子行业基础的的试验与评价技术规范。     

陕西省精细化地质灾害气象预报预警研究

在黄土高原和秦巴山区地质灾害与降水相关特征分析基础上,介绍了陕西省气象台精细化地质灾害气象预报预警模型与业务系统.利用新一代多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站加密资料实现了综合雨量的精细估计,结合GIS地形地貌信息和历史灾害风险分析确定出降水影响系数后,通过计算指标量与灾害临界阈值判断实现了陕西省l 915个乡镇地质灾害的逐日...     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

滨海新区湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

滨海新区湿地类型多样,作为滨海新区生态环境与景观生态的基质,对其区域生态、景观生态及经济发展具有重要影响。以滨海新区湿地为研究对象,在实地调查的基础上,综合采用市场价值法、影子工程法、条件价值法等评估方法,对其生态系统服务功能价值进行估算。结果表明,滨海新区湿地生态系统服务功能价值为4 276.77亿元,其中直接使用价值、间接使用价值和非使用价值分别为412 594万元、40 411 851万元和1 943 256万元。因此,滨海新区湿地对维持当地可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用,在滨海新区湿地资源管理和开发利用的过程中,应充分发挥湿地资源的生态功能,促进区域经济的可持续发展。     

河道型水库支流库湾营养盐动态补给过程

河道型水库支流库湾营养盐季节变化直接决定支流藻类群落结构的演替及初级生产力变化过程.为分析三峡水库支流香溪河库湾主要营养盐来源对营养盐季节性变化的影响,基于2010~2011年香溪河库湾野外监测数据,选取干、支流差异显著(P0.01)的常量离子Cl-和Na+作为水团混合示踪离子,采用二元线性混合模型计算不同时期营养盐各来源的贡献率.结果表明,在枯水运行期(11月~次年2月)和汛后蓄水期(9~10月)时,长江干流对支流库湾营养盐贡献率超过75%,干流倒灌为库湾营养盐主要来源;在汛前泄水期(3~5月)和汛期(6~8月)时,干流倒灌和上游来水的贡献率差异缩小,库湾营养盐来源需考虑两者共同的影响,但干流倒灌仍占据优势.上游来水磷营养浓度相对较高,而长江干流氮、硅营养盐浓度较高,不同时期香溪河库湾分层异重流模式不同,库湾营养盐各来源的贡献率也随之改变,因此库湾营养盐在水库不同运行时期呈现出规律性变化.     

基于模糊随机可靠性的边坡稳定性评价

影响边坡稳定性的因素中包含有很多的不确定性,这些不确定因素既具有随机性也具有模糊性。基于模糊分析理论,建立了模糊随机可靠性分析模型,提出了边坡模糊随机可靠性分析的点估计法,并运用该方法对一露天矿边坡稳定的的可靠性进行分析,通过对影响边坡稳定的各个力学参数进行模糊处理,然后应用统计矩点估计方法估计边坡的安全系数均值和可靠度,得出边坡的失稳概率。这种方法由于考虑到了各个力学参数的模糊性,比较符合客观实际,因而更具有实际指导意义。     

分层抽样法在实验室废液量统计中的应用

实验室废液由于受实验室性质和科研课题数量的影响,其排放源分散,废液排放周期不定,排放水量也无规律性;因此要对一个城市和一定区域实验室的废液排放量进行准确统计监管非常困难.本文采用分层抽样中的比率估计法SRE对某城市实验室废液进行了统计.统计结果显示,该城市科研实验室废液排放总量为107.8 T,统计误差为10.04 T.实验室间的差异以及调查统计的准确性是造成误差的主要原因.该方法用于实验室废液的统计能够反映实际的废液排放情况,适合于环保管理部门用来对实验室废液进行监管.     

中国秸杆焚烧及民用燃煤棕色碳排放的初步研究

近年来的研究表明,在BC(黑碳)和OC(有机碳)之间,还存在着一种有弱吸光能力的OC,因大多显棕黄色而被称为BrC(brown carbon,棕色碳). 广泛存在的秸杆焚烧和冬季大量民用燃煤的使用,使国内BrC排放严重,但鲜见对其排放量的测算. 采用七波段黑碳仪(aethalometer)方法,对夏季小麦秸杆焚烧过程及冬季民用炉燃煤过程产生的烟气进行现场监测,根据BrC与BC的光谱关联性差别,分化出R_BrC/BC(总光学衰减中BrC和BC的相对贡献). 结果表明:麦秆焚烧和民用燃煤烟气的R_BrC/BC分别为1.754±0.278和0.183±0.142. 借助R_BrC/BC值,结合现有的BC排放清单(2000年),初步推算出中国民用燃煤和秸杆田间焚烧BrC的排放总量(以BC当量计,下同)为(270.6±101.6)Gg,接近同期BC排放量的一半;其中秸杆焚烧的BrC排放量为(175.4±27.8)Gg,约占二者总量的65%;民用燃煤的BrC排放量为(95.2±73.7)Gg,约占35%. 该研究结果可为更全面的BrC排放测算奠定基础,并为研究BrC的大气化学及辐射强迫提供依据.      

天然富硒土地划定的富硒阈值

提出适用全国的土壤富硒阈值是查明我国富硒土地资源和发展特色农业的关键.利用我国最近10 a采集的10222套大宗农作物根系土-作物籽实协同调查数据,基于大宗农作物-土壤线性模型和人群硒摄入量对富硒阈值进行初步估算探索,最终通过建立土壤富硒率和作物籽实富硒率协同分析模型,提出了适用全国的富硒阈值：水田土壤中总硒含量≥ 0.40 μg·g^-1、旱地土壤中总硒含量≥ 0.30 μg·g^-1,并在全国13省进行可行性检验,该阈值的建立为中国地质调查局制定和颁布实施天然富硒土地划定与标识相关技术标准提供了有力支撑.     

Increasing the Accuracy of Productivity and Survival Estimates in Assessing Landbird Population Status

Abstract:  The conservation of species with declining populations requires information on population demography and identification of factors that limit population growth. For landbird species, an understanding of large-scale population declines often requires assessment of local population processes, including the production of offspring, the survival of those offspring, and adult survival. Population growth has been modeled for several species of landbirds to date, and these studies have provided important information on relationships between population status and population-limiting factors. Several recent studies have illuminated field methods and analytical techniques that can aid in increasing the accuracy of productivity and survival estimates for population models. We reviewed these methods and recommend their implementation, including quantification of the season-long productivity of individuals, collection of empirical data on juvenile survival during the postfledging and overwintering periods, and incorporation of adult breeding dispersal into annual adult survival estimates. Such methods will allow for more accurate assessment of population status and provide a better understanding of the factors on which to focus our conservation efforts.