Comments on the Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of metals and their compounds†

The carcinogenicity of metals has received extensive study, both epidemiologically and in the laboratory. These have included case reports of occasional human occurrence or clusters of cancer cases as well as extensive epidemiologic studies; in addition, there has been significant laboratory research on the whole animals and in vitro systems. This body of information will be examined selectively.

I will not in this paper attempt a comprehensive review of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of metals and their compounds. Rather, I will attempt to set forth some historical perspectives, and to comment on some current gaps and needs.

Other papers in this workshop have presented thorough and very current reviews of most of the topics briefly noted in this presentation and do not require repetition here.

The cancer issue has been studied and reported on far more extensively than that relating to heritable mutations. There has been in recent years increasing interest in the use of short term tests for mutagenicity and cell transformation. These, however, are primarily with respect to their relationship to cancer production rather than to germ cell injury. Interest in cancer from metal compounds goes back a long time; in fact, one of the earliest reports was on the carcinogenicity of arsenic not many decades after the pioneering report of Sir Perceval Pott on cancer in chimney sweeps. Since then cancer has been definitely associated in humans with chromium compounds, nickel, and with less assurance but probably definitely with beryllium and cadmium. The confirmation of these findings in laboratory animals has been uneven. In the case of arsenic, for example, there has been only limited success in the production of cancer in laboratory animals with arsenic.

Many other metals have been found in laboratory studies to produce cancer, although with most of these, evidence of production of cancer in humans is either absent or extremely uncertain.

The extensive body of recent information relating to the testing of metals with a variety of short term tests will be briefly reviewed.     

不同扰动下外源磷在形态磷间的分布规律

研究了3种扰动方式对外源磷在上覆水、间隙水、底泥中的数量分布的影响,并分析了内源磷形态间的转化过程.结果表明,与对照实验相比,物理扰动能促进上覆水中磷向底泥迁移,并高于生物扰动和组合扰动的促进作用,并且,三者均高于对照实验.这可归因于溶解氧的渗入.物理扰动能降低间隙水中DIP的平均含量,相比对照实验降低了12.13%(第6 d和第10 d平均值),但降低程度不如生物扰动(38.63%)和组合扰动(50.79%).3种扰动均能促进Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的形成,其中,物理扰动下Fe/Al-P和Ca-P平均形成量最大,物理扰动下AAP含量一直在减小,暗示物理扰动明显促进了AAP向闭蓄态的Fe/Al-P或者Ca-P转化.     

高速铁路信号系统的安全管理评价研究

高速铁路信号系统要通过安全管理来保障其开发与运行中的安全相关活动符合系统安全计划的要求。为了评估安全管理活动的可信性,提出基于系统安全分析技术的安全管理评价方法。通过建立安全管理流程与系统安全功能相关联的概念模型,使用安全文化危险与可操作性研究(SCHAZOP)辨识出安全管理流程中的行为偏差,基于失效传导转换符号(FPTN)建立管理角色的安全文化失效模型,最终将管理行为失效模式转换成组件故障树作为安全管理评价证据。研究结果表明,安全管理行为偏差体现了信号系统开发与运营过程中的安全文化特征;辨识与分析安全文化失效,为信号系统安全管理活动的可信性提供了评价依据。     

四环素类抗生素对不同蔬菜生长的影响及其富集转运特征

本研究探讨了四环素类抗生素(TCs)对两种蔬菜生长的影响及其在蔬菜体内的富集和转运特征,以期为四环素类抗生素的植物毒性和对人体健康的风险评价提供理论基础.采用土培试验研究了不同水平(0、50和150 mg·kg-1)的四环素类抗生素(四环素TC、土霉素OTC、金霉素CTC)对生菜和小白菜生长、抗生素含量及其富集转运特征的影响.结果表明,TCs总体上抑制了生菜的生长,地上部和地下部鲜重分别较CK降低了1.56%~26.84%和17.36%~51.04%,小白菜地上部和地下部鲜重反而较对照提高了3.7%~7.3%和3.1%~82.2%.TCs在一定程度上增加了生菜和小白菜的气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),抑制了生菜的净光合速率(Pn),Pn在TCs为150 mg·kg-1时较CK降低了32.43%~82.43%.TCs还抑制了生菜和小白菜的SOD活性,较CK降低了29.17%~223.12%,以OTC的抑制作用最强.生菜和小白菜的MDA含量在TCs为150mg·kg-1时达到最大值(生菜地上部除外).小白菜地上部和地下部TCs的含量均高于生菜,以CTC处理的小白菜和生菜TCs含量较高.种植生菜的土壤TCs残留量高于小白菜土壤,以OTC处理的土壤TCs残留量最高.小白菜对TCs的富集系数和转运系数分别是生菜的1.07~7.35倍和1.15~2.25倍.3种四环素类抗生素中以OTC和CTC的生态风险较大.     

山西省绿色转型发展现状评价及路径研究

从经济、社会、资源、环境保护4个层面构建了切合山西省实际情况的绿色转型发展指标体系,采用熵权法及聚类分析方法对山西省的绿色转型发展现状进行了评价,根据评价结果,结合政策背景,提出了山西省实现绿色转型发展的路径,以实现山西省均衡快速的绿色转型发展。     

可达性对资源枯竭城市经济转型发展成效的作用机制

对外交通联系是资源枯竭城市转型和可持续发展的主要因素。以我国69座资源枯竭城市为研究对象,使用日常可达性指数表征城市对外交通联系水平,利用工业替代产业产值反映经济转型发展程度,通过面板数据模型和地理探测器等方法分析可达性对城市经济转型发展成效的作用机制,揭示不同可达性水平下资源枯竭城市经济转型规律与特征。研究表明:我国资源枯竭城市可达性整体处于中等水平,可达性水平对资源枯竭城市工业替代产业规模与效率具有积极的正向作用,可达性通过影响民营经济、工业园区经济、固定资产投资和高技术产业等因素间接地推进或阻碍资源枯竭城市经济转型发展。鉴于此,各地结合可达性水平差异,适宜采取不同的转型模式和差别化的扶持政策。     

安徽省旅游业转型升级对策研究

随着我国经济增长结构和产业增长方式调整转变,旅游业转型升级成为提高旅游业经济效益,实现旅游业可持续发展的必然要求。在全面分析安徽省旅游业转型升级背景的基础上,结合安徽省旅游业转型升级的优势条件与制约因素,提出安徽省旅游业在旅游产业结构、旅游产品、旅游企业、旅游市场、旅游人才等方面转型升级的路径与对策。     

Technological innovation paths toward green industry in China

With the environmental carrying capacity reaching its limits and the decreasing margin benefits of traditional production factors, the green transformation and green development through technological innovations has been a major direction for the future development of Chinese industries. However, the characteristics and heterogeneities of various types of industries call for different approaches regarding technological innovations. How to choose the most effective mode of technological innovation according to the characteristics of a certain industry has been a key issue. This paper measures the green total factor productivity of 32 industrial trades using the Slacks Based Measure(SBM)-DDF method. The effects of three innovation modes in the green transformation of industrial industry, including the independent innovation(Ⅱ), the technology introduction(TI), and the government support(GS), are empirically analyzed based on industry heterogeneity. Results indicate that the green total factor productivities of different industries show significant differences if taking into account the energy input and the undesirable output of pollutant emissions. The green total factor productivities of traditional high input,high pollution, and high energy consumption industrial trades were significantly lower than those with obvious green features. The year of 2009 is a leap year for the industrial green transformation in China. For resource-intensive industries, the II and the GS are the important ways to achieve green transformation. For labor-intensive industries, the TI is the best path to achieve green transformation, while for technology-intensive industries, the II is the primary driving force for the promotion of green developments. In addition, the innovation-compensating effect of the current Chinese environmental regulations to the resource-intensive industries has been revealed. Improving the overall scale and the industrial concentration of the industries is also beneficial for the green transformation of the industries.     

有机农药对土壤的污染及生物修复技术研究

农药的大量使用污染了大气、水体及生态系统。有机农药以直接施用、拌种、喷撒、随降水落入等方式进入土壤。农药在土壤中会以吸附、扩散稀释和降解等几种方式发生转化,并改变土壤结构、对土壤中生物的生存及酶的活性产生影响。生物修复技术可以通过动植物、微生物及根际环境对农药污染的降解来治理土壤中的农药,是治理农药污染的一种推荐方法。     

变电站与输电线路的电磁环境影响水平分析与测试评估——以部分220kV及110kV输变电设施为例

通过对220kV及110kV户内布置、户外布置方式的变电站,架空输电线路以及地下电缆线的工频电场强度、工频磁场强度的监测,分析比较了变电站及输电线路对环境的贡献水平以及衰减规律。结果表明输变电设施对环境的贡献值非常有限,且随与之距离的增加而明显衰减。