电子吊舱温度环境测试分析

目的 为电子吊舱热管理系统设计提供实测数据支撑.方法 在电子吊舱内部不同位置部署高精度温度传感器,并配套具有统一时标的参数采集设备,采集不同季节、不同飞行工况下电子吊舱内部的温度数据,获取舱内温度环境参数.结果 当飞行工况稳定时,电子吊舱内部环境温度的稳定时间约为1200 s,稳定值与当地大气总温的差别小于3℃.在不同飞行工况下稳定飞行时,舱内温度高于当地大气静温.以高空(11 km)飞行工况为例,当地大气静温为?50～?60℃,由于舱体蒙皮受气动加热影响,舱内环境温度仍维持在?40℃以上.结论 飞行工况不同,吊舱内部环境温度有显著差别,随飞行工况变化,吊舱内部环境温度的变化相对滞后,其响应速度与材料导热能力正相关.     

CANON工艺短程硝化恢复调控及微生物种群结构变化

以短程硝化恶化的全程自养脱氮工艺（CANON）污泥为研究对象,在间歇曝气序批式反应器（SBR）中开展自养脱氮运行效果的恢复调控研究,并基于微生物群落结构变化探究微生物调控机理.结果表明,高氨氮（NH₄⁺-N ≥300mg/L）和调节曝停比至1：3,可有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）.稳定后期,亚硝酸盐氧化率（NOR）逐渐降至2.30g N/（m³·h）,ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N逐渐降至0.13,总氮去除率（TNRR）提高到0.35kg N/（m³·d）,后延长厌氧段时间至90min,可使NOR进一步下降接近0.16S rDNA高通量测序结果表明,从恢复阶段初到稳定阶段,检测到NOB主要菌属为Nitrospira,其相对丰度从3.96%降至0.64%,Candidatus_Jettenia菌属（属于厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB））相对丰度从46.68%上升至49.98%.可见,通过短期提高进水氨氮浓度可使NOB得到有效抑制,并逐渐被淘汰,使AnAOB得到富集,AOB相对丰度稳态,CANON系统得到恢复.     

城市固废好氧加速稳定及碳氮迁移试验研究

选取上海市老港填埋场3~4a垃圾做室内强制通风单元体试验,监测固、液、气三相成分变化,并对有机污染负荷的削减规律以及碳、氮元素的迁移规律进行分析与研究.结果表明,固相纤维素/木质素(C/L)值从初始0.8降至0.4以下,固相中BDM、TOC、TN也有降低,固相指标降解速率呈现前期大后期小的特点,且上层垃圾降解程度更大.液相pH值、EC维持在固定区间,有机污染负荷得到了极大地削减,在整个试验期间,TOC、COD、BOD降解率分别达97%、94%、94%,TN、NH₄-N的降解率分别达到95%、94%.试验期间,累积CO₂释放量6.7kg,累计N₂释放量0.75kg.C/L值、降解稳定化归一指标β可作为固相垃圾稳定化程度判定指标,BOD/COD、NH₄-N/TN值可作为液相中可降解物质稳定化程度判定指标.根据质量守恒原理,对试验过程中碳、氮元素的迁移进行了分析.固相累积损失C质量2.09kg,液相累积流失C质量0.14kg,CO₂累积释放C质量1.83kg.固相累积损失N质量0.62kg,液相累积流失N质量0.08kg,N₂累积释放N质量0.75kg.降解基本结束后,固相中仍然残存着大量的不可降解或者难降解的含碳及含氮化合物.     

Combined Effects of Climate Change and Bank Stabilization on Shallow Water Habitats of Chinook Salmon

Significant challenges remain in the ability to estimate habitat change under the combined effects of natural variability, climate change, and human activity. We examined anticipated effects on shallow water over low‐sloped beaches to these combined effects in the lower Willamette River, Oregon, an area highly altered by development. A proposal to stabilize some shoreline with large rocks (riprap) would alter shallow water areas, an important habitat for threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and would be subject to U.S. Endangered Species Act‐mandated oversight. In the mainstem, subyearling Chinook salmon appear to preferentially occupy these areas, which fluctuate with river stages. We estimated effects with a geospatial model and projections of future river flows. Recent (1999–2009) median river stages during peak subyearling occupancy (April–June) maximized beach shallow water area in the lower mainstem. Upstream shallow water area was maximized at lower river stages than have occurred recently. Higher river stages in April–June, resulting from increased flows predicted for the 2080s, decreased beach shallow water area 17–32%. On the basis of projected 2080s flows, more than 15% of beach shallow water area was displaced by the riprap. Beach shallow water area lost to riprap represented up to 1.6% of the total from the mouth to 12.9 km upstream. Reductions in shallow water area could restrict salmon feeding, resting, and refuge from predators and potentially reduce opportunities for the expression of the full range of life‐history strategies. Although climate change analyses provided useful information, detailed analyses are prohibitive at the project scale for the multitude of small projects reviewed annually. The benefits of our approach to resource managers include a wider geographic context for reviewing similar small projects in concert with climate change, an approach to analyze cumulative effects of similar actions, and estimation of the actions’ long‐term effects. Efectos Combinados del Cambio Climático y la Estabilización de Bordes de Ríos Hábitats de Aguas Poco Profundas del Salmón Chinook     

Microwave enhanced stabilization of copper in artificially contaminated soil

Microwave processing was used to stabilize copper ions in soil samples. Its effects on the stabilization efficiency were studied as a function of additive, microwave power, process time, and reaction atmosphere. The stabilization efficiency of the microwave process was evaluated based on the results of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. The results showed that the optimal experimental condition contained a 700W microwave power, 20 min process time and 3 iron wires as the additive, and that the highest stabilization efficiency level was more than 70%. In addition, the different reaction atmospheres showed no apparent effect on the stabilization efficiency of copper in the artificially contaminated soil. According to the result of the Tessier sequential extraction, the partial species of copper in the contaminated soil was deduced to transform from unstable species to stable states after the microwave process.     

石田螺处理城市剩余污泥试验

应用石田螺（Sinotaia quadrata）摄食和消化城市剩余污泥,通过考察石田螺的最佳养殖密度、城市剩余污泥经石田螺处理前后性质的变化和重金属转移规律,对石田螺处理城市剩余污泥的可行性进行了研究. 结果表明:石田螺在养殖密度为13～15 kg/m3时存活率较高;石田螺可将城市剩余污泥直接转化为颗粒螺粪,可有效去除污泥中的有机物,对VS和TOC去除率分别达到23%和37%. 对城市剩余污泥经石田螺处理后得到的螺粪进行厌氧发酵产气试验,12 d后的总产气量仅为0.5 mL,可见螺粪的厌氧消化活性较低,这可在一定程度上避免污泥腐化发臭. 石田螺对城市剩余污泥中Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd 5种重金属的富集系数（BCF）分别为1.09,1.36,1.17,1.33和3.41;石田螺对Ni无富集作用. 城市剩余污泥处理后得到的螺粪重金属质量分数符合国家《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》（GB4284—84）,在其他污染物项目达标的前提下,可用作为城市绿化用肥或土壤改良剂等,实现污泥的资源化利用.      

生物反应器填埋场的发展及应用研究

缩短垃圾稳定化时间,并有效地收集和处理渗滤液及填埋气体,是促使传统卫生填埋法向生物反应器填埋场发展的主要因素。生物反应器填埋场通过回灌渗滤液等控制手段,改善填埋场内部微生化环境,加速填埋场稳定化进程。生物反应器填埋场的关键在于渗滤液收集系统、防渗系统、气体收集系统和渗滤液回灌系统。一些在运行的全规模生物反应器填埋场证明了这种操作方式能加快垃圾降解和填埋气体的产生,减少渗滤液处理量。然而还有一些经济和技术上的不确定性,包括持久有效性、压实度和氧化-还原环境等因素都需要进一步研究。     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.     

Cement-based solidification/stabilization of contaminated soils by nitrobenzene

The cement-based solidification/stabilization (S/S) of nitrobenzene (NB) contaminated soils, with cement and lime as binders, sodium silicate solution and powder activated carbon (PAC) as additives, was optimized through an orthogonal experiment, and S/S efficiency was estimated by both leaching test and volatilization measurement. The leaching test results showed that the factors affecting S/S efficiency were NB concentration, cement-to-lime ratio and binder-to-soils ratio, in sequence. With increasing curing time, the leaching concentration of NB between different levels of the same factor in the orthogonal experiment decreased, and less than 9% NB leached out from the 28 d cured samples. The volatilization measurement results indicated that 0.5‰ of NB was volatilized during the mixing and curing processes for the samples without PAC in the 28 d cycle, whereas adding 2 wt% and 5 wt% PAC, with respect to the weight of contaminated soils, could reduce NB volatilization to half of its original values either during the mixing or curing process. The optimizing formula, that is, contaminated soils (dry weight):cement:lime= 100:25:25, with 5 wt% additional sodium silicate and 2 wt% additional PAC, was applied to the engineering application of NB contaminated soils. Both the leaching test results of the product and the ambient air quality monitoring results met related regulations during the treating process.     

以垃圾焚烧底灰为骨料的脱水污泥固化试验

针对机械脱水污泥强度低,难以安全填埋的问题,采用生活垃圾焚烧底灰作为骨架材料和水泥、石灰、石膏作为固化剂,开展污泥固化试验研究,并通过无侧限抗压强度试验、耐水性试验、浸出毒性试验对固化效果进行评价.结果表明,较优的固化剂种类为水泥和石膏,掺入量为污泥干基的50%,无侧限抗压强度可以满足填埋要求.最优垃圾焚烧底灰掺入量为100%,固化污泥增容比小于1.0,能够起到减容作用.水泥、石膏固化污泥耐水性能均较好.浸出毒性试验结果表明,最优固化剂种类为石膏,浸出液Cu、Zn、Pb离子浓度及COD值均较原泥大幅降低,可以起到良好的稳定化效果,且浸出液pH值接近中性,对生态环境影响较小.