工程结构的风灾破坏和抗风设计

风是自然界常见的一种自然现象 ,国内外每年都会发生因风灾而造成的严重灾害。风灾损失的主要形式之一是工程结构的损坏和倒塌。因此 ,工程抗风设计计算的合理和全面与否是工程安全的重要关键 ,抗风设计也是工程结构中的重要研究课题。笔者结合我国的有关抗风工程的工程规范 ,介绍了风对结构的作用、工程结构的风灾破坏形式和抗风设计的主要研究内容。最后 ,笔者对抗风工程的研究进行了展望。     

Plackett-Burman实验设计优化餐厨垃圾发酵产燃料酒精的研究

针对餐厨垃圾中营养元素含量丰富的特点,利用运动发酵单胞菌对餐厨垃圾发酵生产燃料酒精,采用Plackett-Burman实验设计分析多种酶制剂和营养物质对发酵过程的影响. 结果表明,糖化酶和蛋白酶对于酒精发酵影响显著,其他酶和营养物的添加对发酵均无显著影响,说明餐厨垃圾自身所含的丰富营养即可以满足细菌生长的需要. 进一步的单因素试验分析表明糖化酶的最佳添加量为100 U/g. 当同时添加100U/g 蛋白酶和100 U/g 糖化酶时,酒精产量达到最大值53g/L, 比单纯添加糖化酶时产量高10%,其酒精转化率为44%. 经酒精发酵后,餐厨垃圾粗蛋白增加了1.5倍且纤维素含量较低,可作为饲料使用. 利用餐厨垃圾产酒精不仅处理了污染严重的废物,同时也为酒精生产提供了廉价的原料,具有较高的环境效益和经济效益.     

城市固体有机废物堆肥实验装置设计

根据城市固体有机废物的特点和性质 ,设计了一种堆肥的实验装置 ,该设计包括空间结构设计、通风系统设计和搅拌系统设计。空间结构设计的特点是小型的、用于实验室研究的、仓式动态好氧结构 ;通风系统的设计则是以供氧、散热和去除水分所需通风量为基础 ;搅拌系统设计包括搅拌器的结构设计和所需动力设计     

大型抽水蓄能电站场地地震动效应及设计地震动参数研究

大型抽水蓄能电站往往建于山区的沟源坳地,场地地形复杂,各工程场点高差大。结合某大型抽水蓄能电站工程的具体情况,根据工程场地岩土参数原位测试及试验室试验结果,采用二维波动有限元方法研究复杂场地条件下的场地地震动效应,计算确定了50年及100年设计基准期对应超越概率63%、10%、5%、2%共8个设防水准的地震动参数,并通过不同高程处地震动参数的对比分析,研究了地形地貌对场地地震动效应的影响,得到一些有价值的结论。研究成果已在具体工程设计中采用,该成果对其它同类工程也有一定借鉴作用。     

多水源用水网络优化模型研究

为了解决含有多类供水水源的用水网络优化设计问题,研究了过程工业用水特点,将各用水单元看成水阱,各单元的排水看成潜在水源,从而将供水问题转化为水阱和水源的匹配问题,建立用于多水源用水网络优化的配水模型,并详细阐述该模型应用步骤及其特点。     

城市生态系统生态化综合评价——以长三角为例

在分析城市生态系统组成的基础上,讨论了城市生态系统生态化的内涵;采用层次结构模型构建了城市生态化评价指标体系;采集了长三角地区具有代表性的八城市2004年的相关数据,运用因子分析与层次分析相结合的方法,对其经济、社会、环境子系统及复合生态系统的发展状况进行了综合评价,结果表明:长三角八城市的生态化水平排序依次为苏州、上海、宁波、南京、杭州、无锡、常州、扬州。     

Incentivizing biodiversity conservation in artisanal fishing communities through territorial user rights and business model innovation

Territorial user rights for fisheries are being promoted to enhance the sustainability of small‐scale fisheries. Using Chile as a case study, we designed a market‐based program aimed at improving fishers’ livelihoods while incentivizing the establishment and enforcement of no‐take areas within areas managed with territorial user right regimes. Building on explicit enabling conditions (i.e., high levels of governance, participation, and empowerment), we used a place‐based, human‐centered approach to design a program that will have the necessary support and buy‐in from local fishers to result in landscape‐scale biodiversity benefits. Transactional infrastructure must be complex enough to capture the biodiversity benefits being created, but simple enough so that the program can be scaled up and is attractive to potential financiers. Biodiversity benefits created must be commoditized, and desired behavioral changes must be verified within a transactional context. Demand must be generated for fisher‐created biodiversity benefits in order to attract financing and to scale the market model. Important design decisions around these 3 components—supply, transactional infrastructure, and demand—must be made based on local social‐ecological conditions. Our market model, which is being piloted in Chile, is a flexible foundation on which to base scalable opportunities to operationalize a scheme that incentivizes local, verifiable biodiversity benefits via conservation behaviors by fishers that could likely result in significant marine conservation gains and novel cross‐sector alliances. Incentivar la Conservación de la Biodiversidad con Comunidades de Pesca Artesanal por medio de Derechos de Uso Territorial y la Innovación de Modelos de Negocio     

Assessing the Distribution and Protection Status of two Types of Cool Environment to Facilitate Their Conservation under Climate Change

Strategies to mitigate climate change can protect different types of cool environments. Two are receiving much attention: protection of ephemeral refuges (i.e., places with low maximum temperatures) and of stable refugia (i.e., places that are cool, have a stable environment, and are isolated). Problematically, they are often treated as equivalents. Careful delineation of their qualities is needed to prevent misdirected conservation initiatives; yet, no one has determined whether protecting one protects the other. We mapped both types of cool environments across a large (～3.4M ha) mixed‐use landscape with a geographic information system and conducted a patch analysis to compare their spatial distributions; examine relations between land use and their size and shape; and assess their current protection status. With a modest, but arbitrary, threshold for demarcating both types of cool environments (i.e., values below the 0.025 quantile) there were 146,523 ha of ephemeral refuge (62,208 ha) and stable refugia (62,319 ha). Ephemeral refuges were generally aggregated at high elevation, and more refuge area occurred in protected areas (55,184 ha) than in unprotected areas (7,024 ha). In contrast, stable refugia were scattered across the landscape, and more stable‐refugium area occurred on unprotected (40,135 ha) than on protected land (22,184 ha). Although sensitivity analysis showed that varying the thresholds that define cool environments affected outcomes, it also exposed the challenge of choosing a threshold for strategies to address climate change; there is no single value that is appropriate for all of biodiversity. The degree of overlap between ephemeral refuges and stable refugia revealed that targeting only the former for protection on currently unprotected land would capture ～17% of stable refugia. Targeting only stable refugia would capture ～54% of ephemeral refuges. Thus, targeting one type of cool environment did not fully protect the other. Evaluación de la Distribución y Estado de Protección de Dos Tipos de Ambientes Fríos para Facilitar su Conservación bajo el Cambio Climático     

Surveys of historic parks and gardens

The United Kingdom offers some of the finest designed parks and garden landscapes in the world and, whilst there is a wide range of skills and a wealth of literature on the subject, there is little evidence of official effort to systematically record historic sites. This, it is argued, is a factor in the continuing decline of many examples. This paper records an attempt at a comprehensive examination of one county — Cheshire — begun in 1970. The method is described and the results discussed in some detail. Some suggestions are put forward for improvements to official incentives for site owners.     

The landscape design of forestry

The value placed by the public on the nation's rural landscapes is emphasised by vociferous criticism of insensitive, large‐scale afforestation. As forestry causes massive changes in the landscape in the short term, with results that last for decades, the opportunity provided to improve and conserve should be positively grasped. There is evidence that concensus exists over a considerable part of landscape and design, and this paper explores some of the major factors in landscape design which are consistently important in forest landscapes.