This study explores the meaning and functional design of a modulatory communication signal, the honey bee shaking signal,
by addressing five questions: (I) who shakes, (II) when do they shake, (III) where do they shake, (IV) how do receivers respond
to shaking, and (V) what conditions trigger shaking. Several results confirm the work of Schneider (1987) and Schneider et
al. (1986a): (I) most shakers were foragers (at least 83%); (II) shaking exhibited a consistent temporal pattern with bees
producing the most signals in the morning (0810–1150 hours) just prior to a peak in waggle dancing activity; and (IV) bees
moved faster (by 75%) after receiving a shaking signal. However, this study differs from previous work by providing a long-term,
temporal, spatial, and vector analysis of individual shaker behavior. (III) Bees producing shaking signals walked and delivered
signals in all areas of the hive, but produced the most shaking signals directly above the waggle dance floor. (IV) Bees responded
to the signal by changing their direction of movement. Prior to receiving a signal, bees selected from the waggle dance floor
moved, on average, towards the hive exit. After receiving a signal, some bees continued moving towards the exit but others
moved directly away from the exit. During equivalent observation periods, non-shaken bees exhibited a strong tendency to move
towards the hive exit. (V) Renewed foraging activity after food dearth triggered shaking signals, and, the level of shaking is positively correlated with the duration of food dearth. However, shaking signal levels also increased in the morning before foraging had begun and in the late afternoon
after foraging had ceased. This spontaneous afternoon peak has not previously been reported. The shaking signal consequently
appears to convey the general message “reallocate labor to different activities” with receiver context specifying a more precise
meaning. In the context of foraging, the shaking signal appears to activate (and perhaps deactivate) colony foraging preparations.
The generally weak response elicited by modulatory signals such as the shaking signal may result from a high receiver response
threshold which allows the receiver to integrate multiple sources of information and which thereby increases the probability
that receiver actions will be appropriate to colony needs.
Received: 21 March 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 August 1997 相似文献
This paper presents detailed modeling results of the BP Texas City refinery incident. Three different approaches and explosion modeling tools were used to study the event. The results predicted by all three approaches are similar and all approaches identified a hazard potential comparable to what was witnessed on March 23, 2005. This confirms that quantitative risk assessment (QRA) has the ability to model a realistic scenario, and is therefore useful in safety measure design and emergency preparedness decision making to improve overall safety performance. Had QRA been conducted during a management of change (MOC) decision-making process, personnel trailers likely would not have been sited in such close proximity to the process units. The resulting severe consequences would then not have occurred. This work also aims to emphasize the importance of QRA in process safety management.
The paper presents the authors’ perception of the sequence of events involved in the incident based on the published literature available at the time of writing. It also assesses potential consequences for the perceived sequence of events using a variety of consequence assessment tools. In doing so, the analysis illustrates how this incident could have been prevented in spite of many operational difficulties. The observations and commentary presented in this paper are intended solely for the purpose of process safety enhancement on the basis of the lessons learned. BP has published its own detailed report; the incident is also the subject of a recent investigation by the US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, with the CSB's final report being available at http://www.csb.gov/index.cfm?folder=completed_investigations&page=info&INV_ID=52 (as of April 2007). 相似文献
While it is widely known that sustainable development is the only sound and viable pathway for humankind’s future, its attainment remains elusive despite intensive efforts and some successes. The current industrial society approach based on product and process innovation in a variety of fields is not providing the expected results in addressing this important issue. In an attempt to carry out this unavoidable task, Osaka University’s Research Institute for Sustainability Science (RISS) introduces an integral and dynamic innovation system where technology plays a key role in fulfilling societal functions. This innovation system adopts a highly solution-driven approach that makes use of backcasting techniques based on long-term visions and mid-term strategic goals. Since technology management is the key to propelling effective innovation towards sustainability, we propose a technology transition management through the interaction of technology push, demand pull and institutional design, along with eight transition principles. RISS will develop this innovation system based on these three components and through the design of dynamic scenarios and their roadmaps. 相似文献