利用粉煤灰制备高纯超细氧化铝粉体的研究

利用粉煤灰为原料制备高纯超细氧化铝粉体。给出了采用硅酸二钙晶相转变自粉化、高效分散剂———碳化法从粉煤灰中制备氧化铝方法的工艺路线 ,确定了从粉煤灰制备高纯超细氧化铝粉体的最佳工艺条件 ,为粉煤灰的高价值利用开辟了一条新途径     

利用XPS研究复合氧化物催化剂在汽车尾气净化中硫中毒及抗硫中毒机理

运用ＸＰＳ分析方法研究一系列复合氧化物催化剂中毒前后硫在其表面的各种形态及催化剂活性组分中毒前后的组成，价态，化学机理及其变化。结果表明，ＳＯ２在催化剂活性中心进行化学吸附，然后一部分ＳＯ２与活性组分生成相应的亚硫酸盐和硫酸盐，从而使催化剂失活。     

纳米TiO_2光催化降解酸性红B的实验研究

采用偶联剂法在聚丙烯多面球表面负载化纳米TiO2,在高压汞灯照射下,以酸性红B染料为研究对象,采用光催化氧化法进行降解处理;研究了溶液初始浓度、H2O2和Fe3+投加量、pH以及光照强度等因素对酸性红B染料降解效果的影响。     

Promotional effect of cobalt doping on catalytic performance of cryptomelane-type manganese oxide in toluene oxidation

The cryptomelane-type manganese oxide (OMS-2)-supported Co (xCo/OMS-2; x = 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) catalysts were prepared via a pre-incorporation route. The as-prepared materials were used as catalysts for catalytic oxidation of toluene (2000 ppmV). Physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were measured using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) techniques. Among all of the catalysts, 10Co/OMS-2 performed the best, with the T_90%, specific reaction rate at 245°C, and turnover frequency at 245°C (TOF_Co) being 245°C, 1.23 × 10⁻³ mol_toluene/(g_cat·sec), and 11.58 × 10⁻³ sec⁻¹ for toluene oxidation at a space velocity of 60,000 mL/(g·hr), respectively. The excellent catalytic performance of 10Co/OMS-2 were due to more oxygen vacancies, enhanced redox ability and oxygen mobility, and strong synergistic effect between Co species and OMS-2 support. Moreover, in the presence of poisoning gases CO₂, SO₂ or NH₃, the activity of 10Co/OMS-2 decreased for the carbonate, sulfate and ammonia species covered the active sites and oxygen vacancies, respectively. After the activation treatment, the catalytic activity was partly recovered. The good low-temperature reducibility of 10Co/OMS-2 could also facilitate the redox process accompanied by the consecutive electron transfer between the adsorbed O₂ and the cobalt or manganese ions. In the oxidation process of toluene, the benzoic and aldehydic intermediates were first generated, which were further oxidized to the benzoate intermediate that were eventually converted into H₂O and CO₂.     

Greenhouse impacts of anthropogenic CH4 and N2O emissions in Finland

The Finnish anthropogenic CH₄ emissions in 1990 are estimated to be about 250 Gg, with an uncertainty range extending from 160 to 440 Gg. The most important sources are landfills and animal husbandry. The N₂O emissions, which come mainly from agriculture and the nitric acid industry are about 20 Gg in 1990 (uncertainty range 10–30 Gg). The development of the emissions to the year 2010 is reviewed in two scenarios: the base and the reduction scenarios.According to the base scenario, the Finnish CH₄ emissions will decrease in the near future. Emissions from landfills, energy production, and transportation will decrease because of already decided and partly realized volume and technical changes in these sectors. The average reduction potential of 50%, as assumed in the reduction scenario, is considered achievable.N₂O emissions, on the other hand, are expected to increase as emissions from energy production and transportation will grow due to an increasing use of fluidized bed boilers and catalytic converters in cars. The average reduction potential of 50%, as assumed in the reduction scenario, is optimistic.Anthropogenic CH₄ and N₂O emissions presently cause about 30% of the direct radiative forcing due to Finnish anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This share would be even larger if the indirect impacts of CH₄ were included. The contribution of CH₄ can be controlled due to its relatively short atmospheric lifetime and due to the existing emission reduction potential. Nitrous oxide has a long atmospheric lifetime and its emission control possiblities are limited consequently, the greenhouse impact of N₂O seems to be increasing even if the emissions were limited somehow.     

尿中氚水和总氚的分析测定

用蒸馏-液闪法和氧化蒸馏-液闪法分别测量了氚污染人员尿中的氚水浓度和总氚(氚水和有机氚)浓度。根据72个高于本底水平的尿中氚水和总氚浓度分析比较，认为在氚内污染工作人员的尿中，有机氚与氚水的浓度比值为(5.4 3.7)％。     

散射光下铁(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物还原铬(VI)的研究

研究了在散射光下铁(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物对铬(V I)的光还原反应;考察了溶液pH、铁(III)、丙酮酸钠、铬(V I)浓度对反应的影响;分析了铬(V I)光还原反应的动力学。实验结果表明:铁(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物体系能在较弱的散射光下还原铬(V I)。在铬(V I)浓度为19.2μm o l/L、铁(III)浓度为10.0μm o l/L、丙酮酸钠浓度为240μm o l/L、pH为3.0、光照240m in的条件下,铬(V I)的还原率达到99.7%。从表观动力学方程的反应级数看,铁(III)的级数(0.83)最高,铁(III)浓度是影响铬(V I)光还原反应速率的主要因素,铁(II)是铬(V I)光还原的主要还原剂。     

氧化镁基生物质炭高效去除水体中磷的特性

利用花生壳为前驱体,在高温限氧条件下,将氧化镁(MgO)负载于生物质炭(BC)表面制备出氧化镁基生物质炭(MgOBC)复合材料.系统研究了MgO-BC对水体中P的吸附特性,并探讨了溶液pH值、接触时间、竞争离子等因素对P的吸附效果的影响.结果表明,P的最佳吸附初始pH为7~9,过酸过碱的环境均不利于P的吸附;P的吸附过程可在540 min内达到平衡,且动力学曲线较好地符合伪一级和伪二级动力学模型,拟合系数可达97.3%和99.0%;当Cl~-、HCO_3~-、NO_3~-等共存离子的量浓度达到P的10倍时,MgO-BC对P仍具有较强的吸附能力;P的吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir等温模型,拟合系数达99%,理论最大吸附容量为138.07 mg·g~(-1),远高于其它未经改性或改性的生物质炭和几种典型P吸附剂的吸附容量.此外,吸附P后的复合材料可作为肥料施入土壤,可有效实现P的再利用.综上所述,该MgO-BC复合材料在净化实际P污染水体中有着广阔的应用前景.     

Nano-sized Fe2O3/Fe3O4 facilitate anaerobic transformation of hexavalent chromium in soil–water systems

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of nano-sized or submicro Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4 on the bioreduction of hexavalent chromium(Cr(VI)) and to evaluate the effects of nano-sized Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4 on the microbial communities from the anaerobic flooding soil.The results indicated that the net decreases upon Cr(VI) concentration from biotic soil samples amended with nano-sized Fe_2O_3(317.1 ± 2.1 mg/L) and Fe_3O_4(324.0 ± 22.2 mg/L) within21 days,which were approximately 2-fold of Cr(VI) concentration released from blank control assays(117.1 ± 5.6 mg/L).Furthermore,the results of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) and high-throughput sequencing indicated a greater variety of microbes within the microbial community in amendments with nano-sized Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4 than the control assays.Especially,Proteobacteria occupied a predominant status on the phylum level within the indigenous microbial communities from chromium-contaminated soils.Besides,some partial decrease of soluble Cr(VI) in abiotic nano-sized Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4 amendments was responsible for the adsorption of nano-sized Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4 to soluble Cr(VI).Hence,the presence of nano-sized Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4 could largely facilitate the mobilization and biotransformation of Cr(VI) from flooding soils by adsorption and bio-mediated processes.     

β-环糊精/醋酸纤维素纳米纤维的制备及对染料废水的处理

制备了不同β-环糊精(β-CD)含量的醋酸纤维素(CA)纳米纤维膜,并对纤维膜的结构形貌、尺寸分布、孔隙率、比表面积以及纤维膜的力学性能进行表征分析。随后研究了不同β-CD含量、初始浓度、吸附时间下,纳米纤维膜对甲基红染料的截留性能和吸附性能。结果表明:过量(≥30%)的β-环糊精会使纳米纤维产生珠节,纤维的形貌和力学性能变差;吸附试验表明,β-CD的加入提高了CA纳米纤维膜对染料的吸附,MR吸附率可达93.48%,最大平衡吸附量可达181.74 mg/g,比纯CA纳米纤维膜提高了将近40%;此外,染料的截留实验表明,纳米纤维膜对染料的截留效果较差,最大截留率为50.35%。