Simple screening models of NAPL dissolution in the subsurface

Three simple screening models of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution in the subsurface are proposed based on the NAPL mass conservation and the assumption of proportionality between the residual NAPL source zone concentration and the remaining residual NAPL mass. The purpose of the proposed models is to predict the solute concentration in the zone of the residual NAPL as a result of dissolution. The predicted source zone concentration decrease is used to simulate and account for the decrease of dissolution rate with time. The proposed simple NAPL dissolution models enable the pseudo-equilibrium formulation to be used and therefore the numerical simulations for field application problems can be simplified compared to the non-equilibrium counterpart. With proper choice of empirical parameters, the proposed simple screening models can work as well as more complex dissolution rate correlation models, such as that of Imhoff et al. [Water Resour. Res. 30 (1994) 307-320]. It is found that the proposed models are very good for quantifying non-equilibrium dissolution, which is characterized by tailing of breakthrough curves. The models are especially useful for situations of small residual NAPL saturation, which are typical for many field applications.     

Residual gasoline saturation in unsaturated soil with and without organic matter

The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of one variable, natural organic matter, on residual gasoline saturation in sandy soils. Capillary pressure-saturation (P_c−S) relationships (air-gasoline) were determined for three physically-similar sandy soils, with different organic carbon contents (0.086%, 0.89% and 1.65%) and residual gasoline saturations were compared. Two initial moisture conditions, residual water saturation and air-dry, were evaluated. One soil type was packed to two different bulk densities. Visualization of the soils using cryo-scanning electron microscopy was performed to aid in better understanding the role of the organic matter in the soil. The results showed that soils with higher organic contents had higher residual gasoline saturations when starting with an initially air-dry soil. Increasing the bulk density of the same air-dried soil resulted in an increase in residual gasoline saturation. In the presence of a residual water saturation, however, residual gasoline saturations were virtually identical for the three soils and independent of bulk density; approximately 5–10 times lower than in soil that was initially air-dry. The presence of the residual water effectively coated the surface of the soil thereby reducing or eliminating gasoline/soil interactions. Some residual water may also be occupying very small pore spaces, making these locations inaccessible to the gasoline.     

Infiltration and redistribution of LNAPL into unsaturated layered porous media

Enhanced understanding of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) infiltration into heterogeneous porous media is important for the effective design of remediation strategies. We used a 2-D experimental facility that allows for visual observation of LNAPL contours in order to study LNAPL redistribution in a layered porous medium. The layers are situated in the unsaturated zone near the watertable and they are inclined to be able to observe the effect of discontinuities in capillary forces and relative permeabilities. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of LNAPL infiltration into a fine sand matrix with a coarse sand layer, and the second experiment consisted of a coarse sand matrix and a fine sand layer. The numerical multi-phase flow model STOMP was validated with regard to the experimental results. This model is able to adequately reproduce the experimental LNAPL contours. Numerical sensitivity analysis was also performed. The capillarity contrast between sands was found to be the main controlling factor determining the final LNAPL distribution.     

三相生物流化床处理生活废水

对三相生物流化床处理生活废水进行了实验研究，探讨了生物载体种类、溶解氧、水力停留时间及供气量对处理效果的影响。在选择的实验条件下，对进水CODcr值为600～1700mg／L的选定废水样，CODCr的平均去除率为85．8％。     

新型固相萃取器用于污染水样中痕量杀虫剂的浓缩及热解吸气相色谱-质谱分析

1　IntroductionSolid phasemicro extraction (SPME)asasimpleandrapidextractiontechniqueiswidelyusedinvariousareasforextractingdiluteanalytesfromliquid ,gaseousandsolidsamplesbecauseofitshighextractionefficiency[1 ].Recently ,astirbarsorptiveextraction (SBSE…     

富氧条件下不同泄爆面积对CH4燃烧诱导快速相变的影响

为了研究富氧条件下不同泄爆面积对CH4燃烧诱导快速相变的影响,基于自主设计搭建的CH4燃烧诱导快速相变试验台,通过改变富氧系数和泄爆面积对CH4燃烧的压力振荡特性进行研究,分析了不同富氧系数E(0.21,0.3,0.4,0.6)及泄爆面积比(0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1)下CH4燃烧的压力峰值、到达压力峰值的时间及特征时间等参数的变化趋势。结果表明,随富氧系数增大,爆炸压力峰值逐渐增大。富氧系数E=0.21时,压力峰值低于相应的绝热压力,无压力振荡;当E=0.3时,压力峰值低于相应的绝热压力且伴随压力振荡。当E为0.4、0.6时,压力峰值高于相应绝热压力且伴随压力振荡;在泄爆条件下,随富氧系数增加,到达压力峰值的时间逐渐减小。通过分析不锈钢管道中的燃烧诱导快速相变现象,发现泄爆可以有效降低爆炸压力峰值,且随泄爆面积比增大,到达压力峰值的时间提前。     

Rat cardiomyocyte H9c2(2-1)-based sulforhodamine B assay as a promising in vitro method to assess the biological component of effluent toxicity

The treatment of wastewaters is crucial to maintain the ecological status of receiving waters, and thereby guarantee the protection of aquatic life and human health. Wastewater quality evaluation is conventionally based on physicochemical parameters, but increasing attention has been paid to integrate physicochemical and biological data. Nevertheless, the regulatory use of fish in biological testing methods has been subject to various ethical and cost concerns, and in vitro cell-based assays have thus become an important topic of interest. Hence, the present study intends: (a) to evaluate the efficiency of two different sample pre-concentration techniques (lyophilisation and solid phase extraction) to assess the toxicity of municipal effluents on rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells, and (b) maximizing the use of the effluent sample collected, to estimate the environmental condition of the receiving environment. The gathered results demonstrate that the H9c2(2-1) sulforhodamine B-based assay is an appropriate in vitro method to assess biological effluent toxicity, and the best results were attained by lyophilising the sample as pre-treatment. Due to its response, the H9c2(2-1) cell line might be a possible alternative in vitro model for fish lethal testing to assess the toxicity of municipal effluents. The physicochemical status of the sample suggests a high potential for eutrophication, and iron exceeded the permissible level for wastewater discharge, possibly due to the addition of ferric chloride for wastewater treatment. In general, the levels of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole are higher than those reported for other countries, and both surpassed the aquatic protective values for long-term exposure.     

两次相平衡／气相色谱法测定水中挥发性氯代烃

本文选择６种水中挥发性氯代烃作为研究对象，提出了两次相平衡／液上气相色谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的方法，系统推导了气液等体积和非等体积平衡，只分析气相就可测定水相浓度的理论关系式，研制了可变相平衡器。     

固相萃取法提取净化生物检材中三类农药的实验研究

本文以常见的六种有机磷类、四种氨基甲酸脂类和五种拟种虫菊酯类农药为对象，研究了用国产ＧＤＸ－４０３或Ｃ１８固相小柱同时提取净化环境样品和生物检材中三种类型的农药，分别采用ＧＣ／ＦＰＤ，ＧＣ／ＮＰＤ和ＧＣ／ＥＣＤ三种特征性气相色谱法进行分析鉴定，为系统分析有机农药提供了一套快速、简便的固相提取方法。     

构建限制性条件下微生物群体生长模型时的问题

Logistic生长模型在表征营养限制性生长条件下微生物群体生长时,遇到了种种困难．该模型未能明确给出微生物群体生长的“延迟期”和“代时”两个重要生长动力学参数,也忽视了方程中参数“r”应为平均生长速率,且不具有内禀生长率性质等诸多生物学特点．采用E．coli ATCC31343,37℃液体摇瓶培养下获得的实验数据,证实了Logistic模型存在的上述局限性．通过对E．coli以葡萄糖和山梨醇共作碳源时,表现出的“二峰生长”曲线与用Logistic方程拟合结果的比较,表明适合度分析（goodness—fit test）不能作为模型是否适合的唯一判据．并对构建微生物群体生长模型的策略进行了讨论．图5参31