Investigation of the binding and simultaneous quantifications of propanil and bromoxynil herbicide concentrations in human serum albumin

This study reported the use of UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and partial-least-square (PLS) multivariate regression for accurate and simultaneous quantifications of two widely used herbicides, propanil, 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide (PPL) and bromoxynil, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (BXL) in human serum albumin (HSA) at physiological conditions. The binding affinity and thermodynamic properties of PPL-HSA and BXL-HSA complexes were also investigated. Partial-least-square (PLS) regression was used to collate the variability in the absorption or emission spectra of PPL-HSA and BXL-HSA complexes with PPL and/or BXL concentrations in HSA samples. The binding constants of 7.66× 10⁸ M^?1 for PPL-HSA and 4.88× 10⁶ M^?1 for BXL-HSA complexes were calculated at physiological conditions (temperature, 310 K; pH 7.4). Thermodynamic parameter values: enthalpy (ΔH) (13.99 kJ mol^?1), entropy (ΔS) (0.078 kJ mol^?1 K^?1), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) (?10.19 kJ mol^?1) were determined for PPL-HSA complexation at physiological conditions. However, differences in thermodynamic property values of: ΔH (?214.3 kJ mol^?1), ΔS (?0.563 kJ mol^?1 K^?1), and ΔG (?39.70 kJ mol^?1) were observed for BXL–HSA complexes. The binding constants and negative ΔG values indicated strong binding affinity and thermodynamically favorability of PPL–HSA and BXL–HSA complex formation. Results of the PLS regression calibration showed good linearity (R² ≥ 0.998289), high sensitivity, and impressive low limit-of-detections (LODs) of 1.38× 10^?8 M for PPL and 1.68× 10^?8 M for BXL that are comparable and/or lower than many previously reported LODs for herbicide and pesticide analyses. Most importantly, PLS regression is capable of simultaneous quantifications of PPL and BXL concentrations in HSA samples with good accuracy and low errors of 3.66%. UV–visible spectrophotometers and spectrofluorometers are fairly inexpensive, easy to use, and are readily available in almost every laboratory, making this protocol excellent and affordable for routine analysis of weed/pest control chemical residues in humans. The results of this study are significant and remarkable that will provide critical insight into the binding mechanism of herbicide toxicity in humans and non-target organisms, which are of special interest in the area of biomedical study, environmental risk assessment, and ecotoxicology.     

Selenium speciation and localization in chironomids from lakes receiving treated metal mine effluent

A lake system in northern Saskatchewan receiving treated metal mine and mill effluent contains elevated levels of selenium (Se). An important step in the trophic transfer of Se is the bioaccumulation of Se by benthic invertebrates, especially primary consumers serving as a food source for higher trophic level organisms. Chironomids, ubiquitous components of many northern aquatic ecosystems, were sampled at lakes downstream of the milling operation and were found to contain Se concentrations ranging from 7 to 80 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight. For comparison, laboratory-reared Chironomus dilutus were exposed to waterborne selenate, selenite, or seleno-DL-methionine under laboratory conditions at the average total Se concentrations found in lakes near the operation. Similarities in Se localization and speciation in laboratory and field chironomids were observed using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Selenium localized primarily in the head capsule, brain, salivary glands and gut lining, with organic Se species modeled as selenocystine and selenomethionine being the most abundant. Similarities between field chironomids and C. dilutus exposed in the laboratory to waterborne selenomethionine suggest that selenomethionine-like species are most readily accumulated, whether from diet or water.     

铅试金富集——原子吸收光谱法测定锡及锡合金废料的金含量

以火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锡及锡合金废料中的微量元素金。为消除测定过程中各种杂质干扰,采用铅试金法富集样品中的金,实现金与主体锡和其他杂质的分离,通过灰吹后得到金银合金,再以稀硝酸——王水溶解金银合金,在5％的盐酸介质中,以空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锡及锡合金废料中的金含量。本方法相对标准偏差小于1．5％,加标回收率大于98．0％。     

低温胁迫对番茄光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

根据番茄对低温的反应,于2010年10月-2011年3月间,设计了人工控制试验系统以研究低温胁迫(5℃,7℃,9℃,11℃)对设施番茄光合色素含量、最大光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性的影响,为设施番茄低温致灾气象指标的确定提供依据。结果表明:不同低温胁迫下叶绿素a,Chla/Chlb和最大光合速率均存在不同程度的降低,而叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量则有所升高。低温5℃处理3 d和7℃处理4 d后番茄最大光合速率均为负值,经过25℃恢复5 d后仍无显著升高;低温9℃、11℃胁迫下番茄最大光合速率随处理天数的增加而降低,且经过5 d的恢复处理后最大光合速率可以基本恢复至正常水平。叶绿素荧光参数分析表明,低温胁迫降低了PSII的原始光能转换效率和潜在活性,番茄的Fv/Fm,qP,ETR均显著降低,且随胁迫温度和胁迫时间的不同,Fv/Fm,qP,ETR的变化程度有所不同。不同低温胁迫使得番茄SOD,POD,CAT,MDA酶的活性均有不同程度升高,且温度越低,处理时间越长,升高幅度越大。因此,低温5℃处理3 d或者低温7℃处理4 d是番茄发生严重冷害的临界指标,该研究结果可为作物低温灾害防御及气象灾害预警提供参考。     

稳恒磁场作用下微生物燃料电池的产电特性和电化学阻抗谱分析

对混合菌接种的双室微生物燃料电池加载磁场强度为175 mT的稳恒磁场,利用电化学交流阻抗等电化学分析方法,考察了在磁场作用下微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能的变化,分析了磁场对MFC各部分内阻的影响。加载磁场使已启动完成的MFC的产电明显增强,开路电压提高了10%。加载磁场后最大功率密度为2.08 W/m2,大于加载前的1.58 W/m2,表观内阻由170Ω降至80Ω。电化学阻抗谱分析确定了阳极、阴极和全电池的等效电路模型,拟合结果发现阳极极化内阻约为5Ω。加载磁场使MFC的阴极极化内阻由74.98Ω降至56.73Ω。     

不同垃圾渗滤液组合处理工艺中DOM的变化特征

为了快速表征垃圾渗滤液处理过程中有机物的特性变化,分别采用紫外光谱和三维荧光光谱对2种垃圾渗滤液处理工艺不同单元溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化进行了系统分析。结果表明,二级RO和厌氧+好氧+MBR+NF+RO工艺对渗滤液COD和NH3-N的去除率分别为98.7%、99.0%和98.8%、98.6%。随着处理过程的进行,2个处理工艺中DOM的SUVA254、E253/E203分别由0.74、0.33和0.46、0.12下降至0.015、0.014和0.010、0.012,有机物的芳香性和不饱和性下降,脂肪链芳香烃化合物开始增加。不同处理阶段渗透液DOM三维荧光光谱表明,随着处理过程的进行,类富里酸和类蛋白物质的含量逐渐下降,芳构化程度开始降低。其中二级RO系统对渗滤液中类富里酸物质的去除效果较好,而厌氧-好氧-MBR-NF-RO工艺中,类酪氨酸物质主要通过微生物降解去除,NF和RO膜对类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质的截留效果较好。     

长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特性

应用荧光发射光谱、荧光激发 发射光谱矩阵（EEMs）结合紫外 可见光吸收光谱对长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特性进行了研究。通过应用吸收指数E2/E3、荧光指数〖WTBX〗f450/f〖WTBZ〗500和三维荧光光谱特征指纹等参数,对长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM) 的来源、组成和空间分布规律进行了探讨。结果表明：沉积物溶解性有机质以类胡敏酸为主,其他的类富里酸、水体微生物代谢物质和类蛋白物质均有检出,陆源输入为水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)主要来源,并且荧光强度在空间分布上呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势     

能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中稀土元素

建立了偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中稀土元素的方法,该方法较传统的方法具有前处理简单、测量自动化程度高、灵敏度高和检出限低(检出限范围为0.05~2.80 mg/kg)等优点。对土壤和沉积物标准物质的测定结果表明:测定结果与认定值能较好吻合,相对标准偏差范围为0.2%~9.4%,能满足测试的需求。分别用该方法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法对实际样品进行测定,2种方法的测定结果有较好的一致性,表明该方法测定结果准确可靠,可用于实际样品的测定。     

催化臭氧氧化对生化尾水中典型有机物的去除特性

系统深入地分析了Fe-Ce/AC催化臭氧氧化对化工园区污水厂生化尾水中典型有机物的去除特性。与单独臭氧氧化相比,催化臭氧氧化可将TOC去除率从7.89%大幅提升至17.54%。120 min时UV_(254)和特征紫外吸光度(SUVA)的去除率分别高达66.80%和59.73%,证明了催化臭氧氧化可有效去除含共轭结构或芳环结构的不饱和有机物。催化臭氧氧化对生化尾水中腐殖酸类(HA)、溶解性微生物产物类(SMP)和疏水性腐殖酸类(HOA)3种荧光组分的去除过程均符合一级动力学模型,且由一级动力学速率常数可知,与生化尾水色度直接相关的HA和HOA被优先去除。40 min时HA、SMP和HOA的去除率即高达95.24%、93.21%和92.96%。     

Direct spectral analysis and determination of high content of carcinogenic bromine in bread using UV pulsed laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for the detection of carcinogenic elements like bromine in four representative brands of loaf bread samples and the measured bromine concentrations were 352, 157, 451, and 311 ppm, using Br I (827.2 nm) atomic transition line as the finger print atomic transition. Our LIBS system is equipped with a pulsed laser of wavelength 266 nm with energy 25 mJ pulse^?1, 8 ns pulse duration, 20 Hz repetition rate, and a gated ICCD camera. The LIBS system was calibrated with the standards of known concentrations in the sample (bread) matrix and such plot is linear in 20–500 ppm range. The capability of our system in terms of limit of detection and relative accuracy with respect to the standard inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) technique was evaluated and these values were 5.09 ppm and 0.01–0.05, respectively, which ensures the applicability of our system for Br trace level detection, and LIBS results are in excellent agreement with that of ICPMS results.