Effects of organic matter on Leymus chinensis germination,growth, and urease activity and available nitrogen in coastal saline soil

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of three organic matters (stalk powder, microbial fertilizer, and manure) on Leymus chinensis germination, growth, and urease activity and available nitrogen (N) in coastal saline soil. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments: J₀V₀Y₀, J₁V₀Y₀, J₀V₁Y₀, J₀V₀Y₁, J₁V₁Y₀, J₁V₀Y₁, J₀V₁Y₁, J₁V₁Y₁. The notations were based on the quantities of each agent added to 1 kg of coastal saline soil: J₀ – no straw powder, J₁ – 0.2 kg straw powder, Y₀ – no manure, Y₁ – 0.3 kg manure, V₀ – no microbial fertilizer, V₁ – 0.2 L microbial fertilizer, each in quantic repeat. L. chinensis was sown as 50 seeds per pot. Results indicated that addition of organic agents exerted a significantly enhanced germination, increase in fresh weight and elevated soil urease activity. Soil available N levels were significantly positively correlated with soil urease activity and fresh weight, but not with germination rate. It is noteworthy that the halophyte L. chinensis showed improved characteristics when grown in coastal saline soil with addition of organic amendments.     

Quantifying forest fragmentation spatial process in the developing State of Selangor,peninsular Malaysia

Forest fragmentation has several phases; thus, the ecological significance of each phase during a particular period of time must be interpreted. To interpret, this study quantifies the magnitude of forest loss and the changes in the temporal pattern of fragmentation in the State of Selangor, peninsular Malaysia. Using the decision tree model of land transformation, five phases of forest fragmentation were identified: perforation, dissection, dissipation, shrinkage and attrition. This analysis showed that the magnitude of forest loss was the highest during the dissipation phase. The patchiness analysis showed that dissipation contributes to the highest environmental uncertainty found for the forest patches. This study can be considered a first step in the exploration of the properties and the behavioural pattern shown by the spatial process of forest fragmentation.     

Systematic Temporal Patterns in the Relationship Between Housing Development and Forest Bird Biodiversity

As people encroach increasingly on natural areas, one question is how this affects avian biodiversity. The answer to this is partly scale‐dependent. At broad scales, human populations and biodiversity concentrate in the same areas and are positively associated, but at local scales people and biodiversity are negatively associated with biodiversity. We investigated whether there is also a systematic temporal trend in the relationship between bird biodiversity and housing development. We used linear regression to examine associations between forest bird species richness and housing growth in the conterminous United States over 30 years. Our data sources were the North American Breeding Bird Survey and the 2000 decennial U.S. Census. In the 9 largest forested ecoregions, housing density increased continually over time. Across the conterminous United States, the association between bird species richness and housing density was positive for virtually all guilds except ground nesting birds. We found a systematic trajectory of declining bird species richness as housing increased through time. In more recently developed ecoregions, where housing density was still low, the association with bird species richness was neutral or positive. In ecoregions that were developed earlier and where housing density was highest, the association of housing density with bird species richness for most guilds was negative and grew stronger with advancing decades. We propose that in general the relationship between human settlement and biodiversity over time unfolds as a 2‐phase process. The first phase is apparently innocuous; associations are positive due to coincidence of low‐density housing with high biodiversity. The second phase is highly detrimental to biodiversity, and increases in housing density are associated with biodiversity losses. The long‐term effect on biodiversity depends on the final housing density. This general pattern can help unify our understanding of the relationship of human encroachment and biodiversity response. Patrones Sistemáticos Temporales en la Relación entre Desarrollos Urbanos y la Biodiversidad de Aves de Bosque     

Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery

Conflicts between local people's livelihoods and conservation have led to many unsuccessful conservation efforts and have stimulated debates on policies that might simultaneously promote sustainable management of protected areas and improve the living conditions of local people. Many government‐sponsored payments‐for‐ecosystem‐services (PES) schemes have been implemented around the world. However, few empirical assessments of their effectiveness have been conducted, and even fewer assessments have directly measured their effects on ecosystem services. We conducted an empirical and spatially explicit assessment of the conservation effectiveness of one of the world's largest PES programs through the use of a long‐term empirical data set, a satellite‐based habitat model, and spatial autoregressive analyses on direct measures of change in an ecosystem service (i.e., the provision of wildlife species habitat). Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat improved in Wolong Nature Reserve of China after the implementation of the Natural Forest Conservation Program. The improvement was more pronounced in areas monitored by local residents than those monitored by the local government, but only when a higher payment was provided. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of a PES program depends on who receives the payment and on whether the payment provides sufficient incentives. As engagement of local residents has not been incorporated in many conservation strategies elsewhere in China or around the world, our results also suggest that using an incentive‐based strategy as a complement to command‐and‐control, community‐ and norm‐based strategies may help achieve greater conservation effectiveness and provide a potential solution for the park versus people conflict.     

喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林过去50年来的碳循环模拟

通过对Forest-DNDC模型的植被和土壤参数本地化校准,以气象插值数据为输入,模拟了贵州省普定县高原型喀斯特次生常绿与落叶阔叶混交林1965~2014年的土壤、植被和生态系统碳循环特征。结果表明,与冷模拟和实测值相比,参数本地化校准后的模型能更准确地模拟春、秋、冬3个季节的土壤呼吸动态,而模拟的夏季土壤呼吸偏小;但统计检验指出,参数修订后的Forest-DNDC模型能够较好地模拟喀斯特森林土壤呼吸,降低了模拟误差,可用于喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林碳动态的模拟。进一步分析发现,1965~2014年喀斯特森林的碳通量除模拟早期的前3~4年急剧增加之外,随后总初级生产力(GPP)保持相对稳定,植物呼吸(Rplant)和生态系统呼吸(R_(ecosystem))随着森林发育而增加,土壤呼吸(R_(soil))减少,植被净初级生产力(NPP)呈迅速减小趋势;净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)亦较迅速下降,在2013年达到最低值-0.17 t C/ha,喀斯特森林由碳汇变为弱碳源。相关分析表明,年均温度和年降水对喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林的GPP和R_(soil)没有显著影响,但却显著影响NPP、R_(plant)、R_(ecosystem)和NEE。     

一株降解邻苯二甲酸酯真菌的筛选及其降解特性研究

采用富集培养法,从PAEs污染的农田土壤中筛选出1株邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)降解真菌F9,经形态学特征及18S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为爪哇正青霉(Eupenicillum javanicun).通过正交试验研究,得出菌株F9的最优降解条件是:C:N为20:1、pH为7.0、最佳PAEs初始浓度为50 mg·L^-1.菌株F9对土壤中复合PAEs(DMP、DEP和DOP)有良好的降解效果.在30 d培养期内,可将灭菌土壤中300 mg·kg^-1的PAEs降解65.2%,且培养第一阶段(0~15 d)的降解率远高于第二阶段(16~30 d).     

修复达标土壤回填对地下水环境影响的层次化评估方法应用研究

以含1,2-二氯乙烷等10种有机物污染土壤异位修复后回填为例,采用层次化方法评估将按原厂址健康风险评价确定的修复目标进行达标修复后的土壤回填对回填区地下水下游700 m处饮用水井水质的影响.第一层次预测结果显示8种污染物在回填土层淋溶液中的浓度将超过评价标准,可能对目标水井水质造成污染.考虑回填区非饱和带土壤的吸附截留进行第二层次评价的结果显示,到达回填区地下水水面处浓度依然超过评价标准的污染物降低至6种,不能排除对目标水井的水质影响.进一步考虑地下水混合稀释进行第三层次评估的结果显示,经地下水混合稀释后,超过评价标准的污染物降低至4种.最后,考虑饱和带吸附截留作用进行第四层次评估的结果显示,目标水井中超过评估标准的污染物仅1种.由此可见,随着评估层次的不断深入,虽然所需开展的工作及获取的场地参数增加,但是污染物预测浓度更接近目标预测点的浓度,需调整修复目标的污染物数量逐渐减少,污染防治成本将逐渐降低.     

重金属元素在厦门-漳州土壤剖面中的分布特征及其环境意义

利用等离子体发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法、X射线光谱法等研究了厦门、漳州两市的9个土壤剖面样品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg和As共8个重金属元素在剖面上的分布特征,以及Cu、Pb、Zn三种元素的全量与有效态含量在剖面上的变化特征,探讨了重金属元素垂向变化的环境意义。结果表明部分重金属元素在土壤表层有富集现象和相似的迁移和富集规律;Cu、Pb、Zn三元素的有效态与全量的相关性随着深度而变小,这表明Cu、Pb、Zn三元素的全量与有效态含量间的相关性与人类的活动关系较为密切。     

森林碳汇功能的研究进展

因全球温室效应和气候变化影响,以及森林对CO2的固定作用,使林业碳汇得到了世界各国的广泛支持和发展。文章主要围绕森林植被碳汇、土壤碳汇研究现状,森林碳汇功能的不确定性以及森林管理与碳汇的关系4个方面对国内外森林碳汇的研究进展简要综述,为森林碳汇的科学研究提供基础。     

羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸的差异分析

应用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原的生态系统呼吸CO2通量进行了测算,分析了生态系统呼吸的影响因素,比较了2种草原生态系统呼吸的差异并分析了产生差异的原因.观测期间羊草草原生态系统呼吸CO2通量平均为(12.03±2.10)mg·(m2·min)-1,显著低于贝加尔针茅草原[(20.09±4.41)mg·(m2·min)-1];而羊草草原生物量显著大于贝加尔针茅草原(p0.001).羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸都与温度(箱内气温、5cm和15cm地温)具有显著的指数函数关系.通过偏相关分析发现,在地温作为控制变量时,生态系统呼吸与土壤Eh、pH间不再具有显著的相关性,Eh、pH对CO2通量的影响可能是由地温变化间接引起的,而CO2通量与活体生物量呈现出了一定的相关性,与凋落物生物量无显著相关性.2种草原的CO2通量都可以用温度指数模型进行很好地模拟,基于地温的模拟效果(R2为0.568～0.639)显著好于基于箱内气温的(R2为0.323～0.426).地温是2种草原生态系统呼吸最重要的影响因素,它掩盖了地上部植物体对生态系统呼吸的影响.在该区域,土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸比例较高,贝加尔针茅草原较高的有机质含量导致了其生态系统呼吸CO2通量较高.