长三角对流层甲醛柱浓度时空变化及驱动因素

通过OMI卫星数据分析了2005~2016年长江三角洲对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空变化规律.同时结合2008年和2010年各部门VOCs人为源排放量,利用BP神经网络和RBFN神经网络模型对对流层甲醛柱浓度进行了县域尺度上的回归模拟和各部门排放量贡献度分析.结果表明：长三角城市群对流层甲醛柱浓度在2005~2010年存在着增加趋势,2011~2016年甲醛浓度有下降的趋势.高值区域分布在皖北苏北、上海及其附近,低值区域分布在浙西南一带.人为源排放使得经济发达地区的甲醛柱浓度显著增高.工业源在长三角的分布较为广泛,电力源分布稀疏且VOC排放量远小于工业源排放量,居民源的VOC排放量介于工业源和电力源之间,有明显的南北差异.交通源主要集中在苏南、浙北和上海附近,少部分沿交通线条状分布.机器学习算法可以较好地利用人为源排放数据对甲醛柱浓度进行模拟.神经网络的拟合精度可以达到0.6~0.8,比线性回归的拟合精度超出0.3~0.4.模型变量重要性计算显示各部门中居民源对甲醛柱浓度的贡献程度最高.研究对流层甲醛柱浓度的长期时空变化及其影响因素有利于深入研究臭氧污染,同时也为大气治理和政策制定提供了科学依据.     

甲醛所致DNA-蛋白质交联修复的研究

为了探讨机体对甲醛所致DNA-蛋白质交联的修复能力,采用KCl-SDS沉淀法检测甲醛染毒后不同时间段HepG2细胞和小鼠肝细胞中DNA-蛋白质交联的修复情况.实验结果表明,采用75μmol·L-1甲醛染毒HepG2细胞,在染毒18h和24h后,细胞内的DPC水平较染毒结束时发生了显著下降(p<0.01),且与空白对照组相比无显著差异;由3.0mg·m-3气态甲醛产生的DNA-蛋白质交联在12h内可以得到明显修复(p<0.01),并在24h内恢复到空白对照水平;经20mg·kg-1液态甲醛染毒后,18h时DPC含量与空白组相比有显著性升高(p<0.01),在24h时DPC含量与18h时相比有显著的下降(p<0.05),且与空白组相比无显著差异.以上结果显示:甲醛所致肝细胞DNA-蛋白质交联能够得到修复,且24h内能够修复完全.     

满足国IV排放的DMCC发动机非常规排放研究

在一台电控单体泵增压中冷柴油机上采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧方式(DMCC),后处理采用氧化催化转化器(DOC)耦合微粒氧化催化器(POC),对其排放特性开展了试验研究.结果表明:纯柴油模式时可挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放体积分数在除怠速外的其它工况都小于5×10^-6,但甲醛在怠速工况时排放体积分数较高,为11.7×10^-6,苯系物的排放体积分数在各个工况下都小于6×10^-6;DMCC模式时,外特性时甲醇和甲醛排放均与柴油机相当,其它工况下甲醇和甲醛的排放体积分数大幅增加,都超过了250×10^-6,甲苯的排放体积分数要高于苯的排放体积分数;后处理器DOC+POC对甲醇和甲醛的催化效率均超过94%,对苯和甲苯的催化效率均超过75%.经过后处理器之后的柴油甲醇双燃料发动机的非常规排放物的比排放量为0.125 g·kW^-1·h^-1,原机的比排放量为0.209 g·kW^-1·h^-1,DMCC模式的非常规排放物要优于原机.     

华北农村夏季大气甲醛浓度变化特征

为研究华北农村大气污染状况,于2013年夏季和2014年夏季先后在华北两个农村站点——固城站、饶阳站,采用基于汉栖(Hantzsch)反应的在线甲醛荧光分析仪开展大气甲醛在线观测,结合同期φ(O₃)、φ(PAN)(PAN为过氧乙酰硝酸酯)、φ(CO)和光解速率系数等数据,分析φ(甲醛)日变化及其光解速率等特征. 结果表明:华北农村夏季大气甲醛污染较重. 固城站和饶阳站φ(甲醛)分钟均值范围分别为0.05×10-9 ~59.18 ×10-9和1.66×10-9 ~ 46.83×10-9,平均值分别为12.82×10-9±7.59×10-9和13.73×10-9±5.82×10-9,高于文献报道的国内外其他地区的观测值,与同期观测的φ(NO_x)相当. 两个站点φ(甲醛)具有典型的日变化特征,φ(甲醛)小时均值峰值(固城站为17.43×10-9,饶阳站为17.57×10-9)均出现在上午10:00左右,与φ(O₃)和φ(PAN)的日变化趋势相似,但峰值早1 h出现. 光解速率系数观测结果表明,两个站点甲醛光解过程主要发生在06:00—18:00,固城站甲醛小时光解量峰值(2.59×10-9)出现在11:00,饶阳站甲醛小时光解量于正午12:00达到峰值(3.00×10-9),甲醛光解成稳定分子的速率是光解成自由基速率的1.2~1.7倍. 研究表明,两个站点φ(甲醛)的变化主要受局地过程的影响,光化学生成是甲醛的重要来源.      

室内甲醛污染治理技术研究

鉴于室内空气甲醛污染的危害,使用市售的"家丁"牌甲醛消除剂,对其去除甲醛性能进行了测试研究.研究结果表明,甲醛消除剂可以快速、有效地消除室内空气中的甲醛,又可以减少室内装修材料中游离甲醛的释放,是治理室内空气甲醛污染的有效手段之一.     

基于卫星遥感中国甲醛的时空分布及影响因子

基于OMIHCHO数据日产品,对2016年全国甲醛柱浓度数据进行了提取分析,并结合全国各省市温度、降雨量、植被覆盖度、人类活动等数据,在空间上与甲醛柱浓度做了相关性分析.结果表明：我国甲醛柱浓度空间分布极不平衡,呈现出东部及东南部地区甲醛柱浓度值普遍较高,而我国的西部及西北部地区表现出较低值;甲醛柱浓度月均值最低为8.31×10¹⁵molec/cm²,出现在10月份,最高为11.87×10¹⁵molec/cm²,出现在6月份,如果按照季节划分甲醛柱浓度均值,夏季 > 春季 > 冬季 > 秋季;从气象因子与甲醛柱浓度相关性分析结果来看,温度与甲醛柱浓度之间的相关性更为密切,但表现出空间上的差异性,此外,雨水对甲醛有一定的消除作用,但也在空间上有差异;由植被与甲醛柱浓度相关性结果来看,植被主要对东部及东南部地区甲醛柱浓度影响作用明显.甲醛柱浓度与各省市的地区生产总值、各产业增加值、机动车保有量的变化也存在着明显的相关性,而各产业增加值中工业与其相关性最高,说明工业排放和汽车尾气也是甲醛的主要来源.     

Measurements of carbonyls in a 13-story building

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are emitted by many mobile and stationary sources and secondary aldehydes are intermediates in the photo-oxidation of organic compounds in the atmosphere. These aldehydes are emitted indoors by many materials such as furniture, carpets, heating and cooling systems, an by smoking. Carbonyls, mainly formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, have been studied because of their adverse health effects. In addition, formaldehyde is a suspected carcinogen. Therefore, the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were determined to assess the inhalation exposure doses to carbonyls for people who work in a 13-story building and in order to evaluate the cancer hazard. METHODS: Carbonyl compounds in indoor and outdoor air were measured at a 13-story building located in Mexico City. The mezzanine, fifth and tenth floors, and the third level-parking garage were selected for sampling. Samples were collected in two sampling periods, the first from April 20 to 29, 1998 and the second from December 1 to 20, 1998. Carbonyls were sampled by means of DNHP-coated cartridges at a flow rate of 1 l min(-1) from 9:00 to 19:00 hours, during 2-hour time intervals and analyzed by HPLC with hours, during 2-hour time intervals and analyzed by HPLC with UV/VIS detection. RESULTS: Mean carbonyl concentrations were highest in the 3rd level-parking garage, with the formaldehyde concentration being the highest ranging from 108 to 418 microg m(-3). In working areas, the highest carbonyl arithmetic mean concentrations (AM) were observed on the 5th floor. Acetone and formaldehyde concentrations were highest in April ranging from 161 to 348 microg m(-3) (AM = 226) and from 157 to 270 microg m(-3) (AM = 221), respectively. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were present in smaller concentrations ranging from 2 to 25 and 1 to 28 microg m(-3), respectively, considering all the samples. Mean indoor/outdoor ratios of carbonyls ranged from 1.8 to 9.6. A reduction of inhalation exposure doses of 41% and 45% was observed in the fifth floor air after the air conditioning systems had been repaired. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations were higher in smoking environments. CONCLUSION: Indoor carbonyl concentrations were significantly greater than outdoor concentrations. Tobacco smoke seems to be the main indoor source of formaldehyde. After the air conditioning system was maintained and repaired (as was recommended), an important reduction in the emission of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was achieved on all floors, except for the 3rd level parking garage, thereby reducing the inhalation exposure doses. RECOMMENDATION: The results obtained in this research demonstrated that maintenance of air conditioning systems must be carried out regularly in order to avoid possible adverse effects on health. Additionally, it is mandatory that isolated smoking areas, with air extraction systems, be installed in every public building.     

工业锅炉燃烧处理甲醛尾气技术

介绍了一种用工业锅炉燃烧处理甲醛尾气的方法。在对该技术的可行性进行分析的基础上，进行了甲醛尾气燃烧的工业性试验及实际应用。实际应用结果表明，该工艺简单易行，不仅投资少，而且经济效益显著。     

光催化氧化法处理甲醛废水的研究

用二氧化钛作催化剂，对较低浓度甲醛废水进行了光催化氧化处理试验。研究了催化剂用量、溶液pH、甲醛初始浓度及外加氧化剂等因素对光催化氧化的影响。试验结果表明，增加催化剂用量可以显著增加反应速度，提高降解效率；增强溶液的酸性和碱性都可以加快甲醛的降解速度，且碱性条件更加有利；在试验浓度范围内，甲醛的起始浓度对其降解反应基本没有影响；外加氧化剂双氧水可以在没有紫外光条件下，很快将甲醛氧化。