压缩比和EGR对自由活塞发动机HCCI爆震燃烧的影响

基于AVL FIRE仿真平台建立了液压自由活塞发动机气缸的三维仿真模型,使用大涡模拟（large eddy simulation, LES）耦合甲醇的详细化学反应动力学机理研究了压缩比和废气再循环（exhaust gas recirculation, EGR）率对均质压燃（homogeneous charge compression ignition, HCCI）爆震燃烧过程的影响。结果表明:甲醇的HCCI燃烧需要一定的进气加热;随着压缩比的提高,最小进气温度逐渐降低,缸内的最高燃烧温度、最大爆发压力和爆震强度均明显增加;在高压缩比工况下引入EGR时可以降低爆震强度,但EGR率较小时效果并不明显,因此需要较大的EGR 率来抑制爆震;最后,对压力振荡曲线的频谱特性进行了分析,发现爆震燃烧时压力振荡的峰值频率位于10～15 kHz区间内。     

上海市免费公园中老年游客行为及满意度特征调查

中老年游客是免费公园游客人群的主要群体,以上海市27座免费公园为例,分析中老年两年龄段游客行为特征,以及其对公园设施服务的重要性和满意度。结果表明:中年游客具有择园路程范围广,公共交通利用率高,来园频率低,入园时间晚,喜爱亲子活动,停留时间短等特征;而老年游客则表现出偏爱短距离公园,以步行为主,来园频率高,入园时间早,倾向运动健身,停留时间长等特征。两年龄段游客对公园满意度评价总体相近,均认为绿化、卫生状况和安全性,以及景点、厕所和无障碍设施设置是影响游客来园的关键因子,前3项令游客满意,而后3项却达不到期望。针对两年龄段游客不同的行为和满意度特征,对免费公园的经营管理提出建议。     

Effect of protein on PVDF ultrafiltration membrane fouling behavior under different pH conditions: interface adhesion force and XDLVO theory analysis

To further determine the fouling behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on different hydrophilic PVDF ultrafiltration (UF) membranes over a range of pH values, self-made atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probes were used to detect the adhesion forces of membrane–BSA and BSA–BSA, respectively. Results showed that the membrane–BSA adhesion interaction was stronger than the BSA–BSA adhesion interaction, and the adhesion force between BSA–BSA-fouled PVDF/PVA membranes was similar to that between BSA–BSA-fouled PVDF/PVP membranes, which indicated that the fouling was mainly caused by the adhesion interaction between membrane and BSA. At the same pH condition, the PVDF/PVA membrane–BSA adhesion force was smaller than that of PVDF/ PVP membrane–BSA, which illustrated that the more hydrophilic the membrane was, the better antifouling ability it had. The extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) theory predicts that the polar or Lewis acid–base (AB) interaction played a dominant role in the interfacial free energy of membrane–BSA and BSA–BSA that can be affected by pH. For the same membrane, the pH values of a BSA solution can have a significant impact on the process of membrane fouling by changing the AB component of free energy.

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游离氨对硝化菌活性的抑制及可逆性影响

为考察游离氨(FA)对硝化菌(氨氧化菌AOB和亚硝酸盐氧化菌NOB)活性的抑制影响,采用SBR反应器,基于FA与过程控制协同作用在实现短程硝化的基础上,考察了不同FA浓度(1.0,5.3,16.6,13.4,9.9,5.2,1.0mg/L)梯度下,FA对AOB和NOB活性的抑制作用及可逆性.结果表明,当FA浓度达到13.4mg/L时,系统内亚硝态氮积累率(NiAR)逐渐增加,硝态氮积累率(NaAR)逐渐减小,且NiAR/ NaAR>1时,系统实现了稳定短程硝化.在此FA浓度条件下,FA对AOB和NOB活性均产生一定的抑制作用,但相对于AOB,NOB对FA的抑制作用更加敏感.当AOB活性被短暂抑制后,其活性又迅速恢复;而NOB活性被完全抑制.此后当FA浓度又逐渐降至1.0mg/L时,AOB活性始终维持较高水平,而NOB活性尚未恢复.也即是说,在本试验控制的FA浓度条件下,FA对AOB活性的抑制作用是可逆的,而对NOB活性的抑制作用不可逆.     

土壤中游离重金属离子的测定--唐南膜平衡法

对比了最近几十年来国内外土壤溶液中游离重金属离子浓度的测定方法,在此基础上建立了一种新的测量方法———唐南膜平衡法(DMT)。研究表明,该实验方法可以在不影响反应体系平衡的基础上同时测定多金属元素,而且彼此之间不会发生干扰。     

Heterogeneous Sulfate Formation on Dust Surface and Its Dependence on Mineralogy: Balloon-Borne Observations from Balloon-Borne Measurements in The Surface Atmosphere of Beijing, China

This study focuses on providing a direct insight into the process by which sulfate is formed on mineral dust surface in the actual atmosphere. Six sets of aerosol measurements were conducted in the outskirts of Beijing, China, in 2002–2003 using a tethered balloon. The mineralogy of individual dust particles, as well as its influence on the S (sulfur) loadings was investigated by SEM-EDX analysis of the directly collected particles. The mixed layer in the urban atmosphere was found to be quite low (500–600m), often appearing as a particle dense stagnant layer above the surface. It is suggested that mineral dust is a common and important fraction of the coarse particles in Beijing (35–68%), and that it is relatively enriched with Calcite (>28%). An exceptional amount of S was detected in the mineral particles, which can be explained neither by their original composition, nor by coagulation processes between the submicron sulfates and the dust. Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous SO₂, and its subsequent oxidation on dust was suggested as the main pathway that has actually taken place in the ambient environment. The mineral class found with the largest number of particles containing S was Calcite, followed by Dolomite, Clay, Amphibole etc., Feldspar, and Quartz. Among them, Calcite and Dolomite showed distinctly higher efficiency in collecting sulfate than the other types. A positive correlation was found with the number of S containing particles and the relative humidity. Calcite in particular, since almost all of its particles was found to contain S above 60% r.h. On the other hand, the active uptake of SO₂ by the carbonates was not suggested in the free troposphere downwind, and all the mineral classes exhibited similar S content. Relative humidity in the free troposphere was suggested as the key factor controlling the SO₂ uptake among the mineral types. In terms of sulfate loadings, the relationship was not linear, but rather increased exponentially as a function of relative humidity. The humidity-dependent uptake capacity of mineral types altogether showed an intermediate value of 0.07 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 30% r.h. and 0.40 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 80%, which is fairly consistent with laboratory experiments.     

羧基丁苯聚合物混凝土小变形阻尼研究

材料的阻尼是衡量材料本身成振性能的主要指标。本文采用自由振动法测试得到了一批羧基丁苯混凝土小变形阻尼比的基础性数据。试验结果表明:所采用的阻尼比测试方法和试验过程是可靠的;对同类型的混凝土,混凝土的阻尼比随丁苯胶掺量的增加而增大,混凝土的弹性模量随丁苯胶掺量的增加而降低;丁苯胶掺量在10％～15％时,可获得阻尼比、弹性模量和抗压强度均较高的混凝土。     

毛细渗透法测定固体表面能

根据粒度对固体表面能的影响,选用了毛细渗透法测定固体表面能.详细介绍了毛细渗透法的原理和实验操作步骤.最后得出结论,毛细渗透法测定固体颗粒的表面能,是一种较好的测试方法.     

微生物杀灭效果试验中的游离氯转化研究

在实验室研究游离氯灭活微生物的试验中发现,由于试验体系中有机氮的存在,投加游离氯消毒后,游离氯会迅速与之反应转化为无消毒作用的有机氯胺.在对大肠杆菌、铁细菌、铜绿假单胞菌的研究中均发现同样的问题,投加2 mg·L^-1的游离氯消毒剂对初始菌浓度为10⁸ CFU·mL^-1的大肠杆菌进行灭活试验,反应5　min后游离氯就已经为0,而一氯胺和二氯胺的量分别为0.92　mg·L^-1和0.4 mg·L^-1.为了降低有机氮的干扰,采用多次离心纯化菌液、膜过滤纯化菌液和增加受试菌液的稀释倍数的方法进行测试,发现当菌液浓度降至10⁵CFU·mL^-1以下时,游离氯转氯胺的比例可以明显降低;而2种纯化过程并不能分离菌液中的有机氮,进而改善试验中出现的游离氯转氯胺的现象.该结论也说明参加反应的有机氮应来源于细菌自身的细胞物质,有机氮的干扰在消毒的相关研究中需要引起关注.