Light-induced variation in environmentally persistent free radicals and the generation of reactive radical species in humic substances

• Light irradiation increased the concentration of free radicals on HS. • The increased spin densities on HS readily returned back to the original value. • The “unstable” free radicals induced the formation of reactive radical species. • Reactive radicals’ concentration correlated strongly with EPFRs’ concentration. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in humic substances play an essential role in soil geochemical processes. Light is known to induce EPFRs formation for dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments; however, the impacts of light irradiation on the variation of EPFRs in soil humic substances remain unclear. In this study, humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin were extracted from peat soil and then in situ irradiated using simulated sunlight. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy results showed that with the increasing irradiation time, the spin densities and g-factors of humic substances rapidly increased during the initial 20 min and then gradually reached a plateau. After irradiation for 2h, the maximum spin density levels were up to 1.63 × 10¹⁷, 2.06 × 10¹⁷, and 1.77 × 10¹⁷ spins/g for the humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, respectively. And the superoxide radicals increased to 1.05 × 10¹⁴–1.46 × 10¹⁴ spins/g while the alkyl radicals increased to 0.47 × 10¹⁴–1.76 × 10¹⁴ spins/g. The light-induced EPFRs were relatively unstable and readily returned back to their original state under dark and oxic conditions. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of EPFRs and reactive radical species (R² = 0.65–0.98, p<0.05), which suggested that the newly produced EPFRs contributed to the formation of reactive radical species. Our findings indicate that under the irradiation humic substances are likely to be more toxic and reactive in soil due to the formation of EPFRs.     

O3氧化法和O3-H2O2氧化法去除水中聚丙烯酰胺

采用O3氧化法和O3-H2O2氧化法去除水中的聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）,分别考察了反应时间、O3质量浓度、n（H2O2）∶n（O3）和溶液pH对PAM去除效果的影响。实验结果表明：O3氧化的最佳操作条件为反应时间30 min、O3质量浓度22.6 mg/L、溶液pH 8.5,O3-H2O2氧化的最佳操作条件为反应时间10 min、O3质量浓度22.6 mg/L、n（H2O2）∶n（O3）=0.1、溶液pH 8.5;在最佳操作条件下,O3氧化和O3-H2O2氧化均可有效降低PAM溶液的黏度和PAM质量浓度,但对COD的去除效果不佳,黏度可降至和蒸馏水相近,PAM的去除率可达80%以上,而COD的去除率分别约为15%和28%;O3-H2O2氧化后的PAM比O3氧化后的PAM更容易被微生物利用,两种氧化预处理方法均有利于后续的生化处理。     

Is pork trade good for China's greenhouse gas emissions?

China produces the largest amount of pork in the world, which emits the largest amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This paper calculates GHG emissions from China’s hog production at the provincial level using newly published emission factors. Empirical results show that GHG emissions from China’s hog production mainly respond to the scale intensity. Capital abundance and income contribute positively to GHG emissions from hog production. Pork trade increases GHG emissions from China’s hog production with a significantly direct effect, reduces GHG emissions through indirect technique effects.     

Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物体系的光解特性

以Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸配合物体系光化学过程中产生的Fe(Ⅱ)和.OH为主要检测对象,探讨了Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸配合物体系光化学反应的基本规律及影响因素。结果表明,体系的光化学过程能产生Fe(Ⅱ)和.OH;产生Fe(Ⅱ)的速率远高于产生.OH的速率;Fe(Ⅱ)生成浓度在pH 3.50时最大,.OH则在pH 3.00时最大;配合物的光化学过程中会伴随pH的升高;在照度为3.6×103Lux的日光灯照射下,Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物初级光解的速率常数为2.1×10-3S-1;Fe(Ⅱ)是高价重金属的主要还原剂,.OH是有机物的主要氧化剂。     

Epibrassinolide ameliorates Cr (VI) stress via influencing the levels of indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, polyamines and antioxidant system of radish seedlings

The present investigation determined the effects of epibrassinolide (EBL) on the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and polyamine (PA) and antioxidant potential of 7-d old Raphanus sativus L. cv. ‘Pusa chetki’ seedlings grown under Cr (VI) metal stress. Reduced titers of free (0.767 μg g⁻¹ FW) and bound (0.545 μg g⁻¹ FW) IAA in Cr (VI) stressed seedlings were observed over untreated control. Supplementations of EBL to Cr (VI) stressed seedlings were able to enhance both free (2.14-5.68 μg g⁻¹ FW) and bound IAA (2.45-7.78 μg g⁻¹ FW) concentrations in comparison to Cr (VI) metal treatment alone. Significant rise in free (13.49 μg g⁻¹ FW) and bound (12.17 μg g⁻¹ FW) ABA contents were noticed for Cr (VI) stressed seedlings when compared to untreated control. No significant increase in ABA contents were recorded for Cr (VI) stressed seedlings upon supplementation with EBL over Cr (VI) treatment alone. A significant increase in Put (18.40 μg g⁻¹ FW) and Cad (9.08 μg g⁻¹ FW) contents were found for 10⁻⁹ M EBL plus Cr (VI) metal treatments when compared to Cr (VI) treatment alone. Spermidine (Spd) contents were found to decline significantly for EBL treatment alone or when supplemented with Cr (VI) treatments over untreated controls and Cr (VI) treatment alone. Antioxidant levels were found to enhance, with glutathione (57.98 mg g⁻¹ FW), proline (4.97 mg g⁻¹ FW), glycinebetaine (39.01 μmol mL⁻¹), ascorbic acid (3.17 mg g⁻¹ FW) and phytochelatins (65.69 μmol g⁻¹ FW) contents noted for EBL supplemented to Cr (VI) metal solution over Cr (VI) treatment alone. Reduced activities of guaiacol peroxidase (0.391 U mg⁻¹ protein) and catalase (0.221 U mg⁻¹ protein) and enhanced activities of glutathione reductase (7.14 U mg⁻¹ protein), superoxide dismutase (15.20 U mg⁻¹ protein) and ascorbate peroxidase (4.31 U mg⁻¹ protein) were observed in seedlings treated with EBL plus Cr (VI) over Cr metal treatment alone. Reduced MDA (2.55 μmol g⁻¹ FW) and H₂O₂ (33.24 μmol g⁻¹ FW) contents were recorded for 10⁻⁹ M EBL supplemented to Cr (VI) stress over Cr (VI) treatment alone. Enhancement in free radical scavenging potential as indicated by higher values of 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, deoxyribose and reducing power activity assays, and increased levels of phenols and soluble sugars also showed significant influence of EBL in alleviating Cr (VI) stress in radish seedlings.     

高氮渗滤液短程生物脱氮反硝化动力学研究

采用UASB-SBR组合工艺处理实际垃圾渗滤液,在获得稳定短程生物脱氮的前提下,通过批次实验,研究SBR系统内短程生物脱氮污泥的反硝化特性.本实验通过设定不同的NO2-浓度和pH梯度获得不同FNA浓度考察其对反硝化菌的抑制影响.实验结果表明,恒定pH下,以NO2-作为电子受体时,比反硝化速率与初始NO2-浓度符合And...     

Female encounter rates and fighting costs of males are associated with lek size in Drosophila mycetophaga

Male costs and benefits associated with male display size in field populations of an Australian lekking Drosophila species were examined. Results suggested that male mating success increased with display size, since matings appeared to be more common in large displays, and since the probability of males encountering a female increased as displays contained more males. Female encounter probabilities did not increase once about 20 males or more were present on a display. Male size and fighting costs tended to increase with display size. The distribution of males among displays did not follow the ideal free distribution in the sense that each male did not have equal mating opportunity per unit time. Deviation from an ideal free distribution may have been due to female preference for mating in aggregations rather than with solitary males, since in a field experiment females were more willing for mating in an aggregation of five males than with solitary males. Received: 22 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 1 November 1997     

深圳降水中低分子量有机酸对降雨酸性的贡献

有机酸可能对降水酸性具有重要贡献,尤其是深圳处于亚热带地区太阳辐射强烈、光化学过程活跃,有利于有机酸的生成.对深圳市2004─2005年降雨中有机酸进行研究,结果表明:含量最高的有机酸依次为甲酸、乙二酸和乙酸,三者之和超过总有机酸浓度的98%;有机酸对阴离子总浓度的贡献约7%,对降水总自由酸度(TFA)的贡献约5%,上述各值均高于北京,深圳有机酸对降水的酸度有一定的贡献;深圳有机酸的湿沉降主要集中在夏季,此时酸性物质沉降量大,因此有必要减少夏季深圳有机酸的排放.      

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.