低C/N比条件下亚硝化颗粒污泥的培养及成因分析

利用柱形SBR反应器,以自配低C/N比废水为基质,以普通活性污泥为种泥,通过逐步缩短沉降时间和提升进水负荷培养亚硝化颗粒污泥,并对该过程进行考察.结果表明:系统运行40 d后,获得成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥,颗粒污泥颜色为黄色,平均沉降速率达60.8 m·h-1,其中粒径大于0.45 mm的约占总数的96％;出水中亚硝酸盐累积率稳定在75％ ～ 80％,亚硝酸盐累积速率达0.6～0.8 kg·m-3·d-1;DO、温度和SRT都不是导致亚硝酸盐积累的关键因素,高浓度FA是造成本研究亚硝化成功实现的主要原因;颗粒污泥SBR的单周期反应过程可依次划分为COD迅速降解阶段、第一过渡阶段、氨氮去除优势阶段、第二过渡阶段和饥饿阶段5部分;另外,研究中还发现进水COD对颗粒污泥的形成和亚硝化过程的实现具有重要贡献.     

FNA处理絮体污泥恢复城市污水PN/A工艺短程硝化

为了探究游离亚硝酸（FNA）旁侧处理絮体污泥来恢复城市污水短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化一体化（PN/A）工艺的可行性,考察了不同浓度FNA对氨氧化菌（AOB）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性的影响,探究了SBR反应器两次采用FNA处理絮体污泥的运行效果.结果表明：采用0.45mgHNO₂-N/L的FNA处理能够抑制NOB活性,亚硝积累率（NAR）达88.8%,但投加后第8d开始NOB活性逐渐恢复.采用1.35mgHNO₂-N/L的FNA处理能够显著抑制NOB活性,NAR达89.1%,与此同时AOB活性也受到抑制,氨氮转化率降低为6.8%.采用增大好/缺氧时间比即t_好/t_缺（由0.4~2.7）以及提高DO（由0.3~1.5mg/L）的方法能够恢复AOB活性,氨氮转化率达77.8%,在150d内NOB活性未恢复,NAR达98.1%.随着短程硝化的稳定实现,系统脱氮性能逐渐恢复,平均出水总无机氮（TIN）为8.2mg/L,平均TIN去除率为84.1%.因此,通过先用较高FNA处理絮体污泥同时抑制AOB与NOB,再采用增大t_好/t_缺并提高DO来恢复AOB活性的策略,能够实现PN/A工艺短程硝化的恢复.     

多元可燃性混合气体爆炸中间产物发射光谱特性实验研究

从矿井火区实际出发,选用类似于煤矿开采现场产生的多元可燃性气体:CH4,C2H6 ,C2H4,CO,H2 ,利用瞬态光谱测量系统探究了爆炸引发阶段中间产物的光谱特征,分析了组分配比、组分浓度和甲烷浓度对压力特性和中间产物光谱的影响。研究结果表明:在多组分气体加入量较小（未形成体系贫氧状态）时,3种自由基发射光谱峰值出现时间随着甲烷浓度的增大先缩短后延长;在多组分气体加入量较大（形成体系贫氧状态）时,自由基发射光谱峰值出现时间随着甲烷浓度的增大不断延长;当其以任意比例混合后,微观反应过程中关键自由基的出现顺序为:OH自由基先于O自由基, O自由基先于H自由基出现。     

镉对河南华溪蟹肝胰腺线粒体自由基代谢的影响

为了探明镉对线粒体自由基代谢的毒性机理,采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd2+)对河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanen肝胰腺组织线粒体抗超氧阴离子(O2.-)能力、抑制羟自由基(.OH)产生能力、过氧化氢(H2O2)和一氧化氮(NO)含量及一氧化氮合成(NOS)活力的影响.具体实验设置5个Cd2+浓度组(7.25、14.50、29.00、58.00和116.00mg.L-1),分别在24、48、72和96h时对自由基代的相关指标进行测定.结果显示,Cd2+对线粒体自由基代谢的影响表现出时间和浓度效应关系.随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理时间的延长O2.-能力、抑制.OH产生能力逐渐降低,但H2O2含量逐渐增高,NO含量和NOS活力的变化基本趋于一致,即随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理间的延长先上升后下降.因此,线粒体中抗O2.-和抑制.OH产生能力、H2O2和NO含量及NOS活力可以作为重金属污染水生生物毒性效应指示物.     

Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation in the surface and ground water treatment plants using Yellow River as water source

This work investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs, N-DBPs) upon chlorination of water samples collected from a surface water and a ground water treatment plant (SWTP and GWTP) where the conventional treatment processes, i.e., coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration were employed. Twenty DBPs, including four trihalomethanes, nine haloacetic acids, seven N-DBPs (dichloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroacetonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane), and eight volatile chlorinated compounds (dichloromethane (DCM), 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene) were detected in the two WTPs. The concentrations of these contaminants were all below their corresponding maximum contamination levels (MCLs) regulated by the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China (GB5749-2006) except for DCM (17.1 μg/L detected vs. 20 μg/L MCL). The SWTP had much higher concentrations of DBPs detected in the treated water as well as the DBP formation potentials tested in the filtered water than the GWTP, probably because more precursors (e.g., dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen) were present in the water source of the SWTP.     

电厂温排水对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的模拟研究

以水华藻种铜绿微囊藻为例,在实验室内模拟内陆电厂温排水中温升和游离余氯的联合作用,研究其对铜绿微囊藻生长与光合活性的影响.结果表明,在适宜铜绿微囊藻生长的温度范围内,一定程度的温升会促进其生长,且水域温度本底值较低时,温升更有利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.铜绿微囊藻对游离余氯非常敏感,在大于0.1mg/L情况下,光合活性会下降,抑制作用非常明显,联合作用下,温升对于0.1mg/L游离余氯作用下铜绿微囊藻光合活性的恢复具有一定的促进作用,对于0.2mg/L作用下则没有.电厂排水口铜绿微囊藻会受到很强烈的抑制作用,藻细胞受到严重破坏,当加氯方式为连续加氯时,0.1mg/L余氯作用下的水域,微囊藻生长也会受到抑制.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Reactive oxygen species metabolism during the cadmium hyperaccumulation of a new hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii （Crassulaceae）

Sedum alfredii Hance, a newly discovered hyperaccumulator, could serve as a good material for phytoremediation Cd polluted sites. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidases (catalase (CAT); superoxide dismutase (SOD); peroxidase (POD)) in the leaf were determined when S. alfredii was treated for 15 d with various CdCl2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 μmol/L. The results showed that the production rate of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which is an indicator of ROS level, reached up to the maximum at 400 μmol/L CdCl2 and then declined with the increase of CdCl2 concentration, while MDA accumulation tended to increase. CAT activity was significantly inhibited at all tested CdCl2 concentrations and SOD activity was sharply suppressed at 800 μmol/L CdCl2. However, the enhancement of POD activity was observed when CdCl2 concentration was higher than 400 μmol/L. In addition, its activity increased when treated with 600 μmol/L CdCl2 for more than 5 d. When sodium benzoate, a free radical scavenger, was added, S. alfredii was a little more sensitive to Cd toxicity than that exposed to Cd alone, and the Cd accumulation tended to decline with the increase of sodium benzoate concentration. It came to the conclusions that POD played an important role during Cd hyperaccumulation, and the accumulation of ROS induced by Cd treatment might be involved in Cd hyperaccumulation.     

基于侧流FNA处理的颗粒-絮体污泥CANON启动

为探究游离亚硝酸(FNA)侧流处理絮体污泥抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的可行性,考察了FNA处理对氨氧化菌(AOB)和NOB活性的影响,探究在颗粒-絮体污泥SBR反应器中水力筛分的絮状污泥经侧流FNA处理的运行效果. 结果表明:0.6mg/L FNA处理后的R1经过30d运行,NH₄⁺-N去除率恢复到处理前的水平,并且短程硝化稳定,系统平均出水总氮为13.84mg/L,且△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N比值接近CANON反应方程式理论比值0.11,成功启动CANON工艺. 而0mg/L FNA处理的R2由于NOB大量增殖导致启动失败. 批次试验结果证实,经过0.6mg/L FNA处理后,6h内NOB活性仅为对照组(FNA=0mg/L)的16.39%,并且在随后的运行中并未发现NOB活性的恢复,NOB得到了有效的抑制. 但与此同时,AOB的活性也受到了影响,反应器中NH₄⁺-N去除率仅为处理前的69.69%,AOB活性6h仅恢复68.06%.