阳澄湖水源地健康风险评价及污染源分析

介绍饮用水水源受到重金属污染所致的健康危害的风险度计算模型,并应用于阳澄湖水源地饮水途径健康风险评价。在此基础上,选择阳澄西湖的下湖湾为研究对象,又进一步进行水源地重金属的来源分析,分别计算出重金属污染物经由河流汇入、底泥释放和大气沉降进入湖体的总量。结果表明：（1）基因毒物质镉所致健康风险为9．14E-06a^-1,并且远大于躯体毒物质所致的健康风险;（2）湖区工业是阳澄湖重金属的最大来源;（3）底泥释放也是一个重要的重金属输入方式。     

三峡库区水环境多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物健康风险评价

为研究三峡库区水环境中持久性有机污染物(POPs)对人体健康产生的潜在危害风险,在介绍健康风险评价方法的基础上,建立了水环境健康风险评价模型,根据三峡库区水质监测资料对水源水主要持久性有机物多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯类污染进行健康风险评价. 结果表明,在所评价断面中,长江和嘉陵江汇合的寸滩断面污染较严重,健康危害的风险相对较大. 水源水6种持久性有机污染物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险为2.79×10-10～4.44×10-13 a-1,按年风险大小依次为DEHP＞DBP＞Pyr＞NA＞FLA＞DEP;有机污染物对健康危害的年总风险仅为3.70×10-10 a-1,远低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10-5 a-1). 三峡库区水体中6种POPs污染所致的健康危害年风险度目前还处于很低水平,但应引起管理部门的重视.      

区域水环境质量静态水量评价方法初步探讨

分析了现有的区域地表水环境质量综合评价方法的不足,提出了水环境质量与水资源量相结合的静态水量评价新方法,即根据各个监测断面水质和该断面所代表的水资源量,以某类别水质的各监测断面代表的水资源量之和占评价区域各类断面代表的水资源的总量百分比来表征评价区域整体水质状况。应用结果表明,本方法科学、合理、可行。     

莱州湾西部海域枯水期富营养化程度研究

根据2004年5月份的调查资料,选择透明度、盐度、活性磷酸盐、溶解无机氮、硅酸盐、叶绿素a、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物作为评价因子,利用层次分析法确定了各因子的层次关系和权重,建立了以营养盐和富营养化症状为基础的综合评价指数模型,对莱州湾海域的营养水平进行了评价.各站点最终评价结果表明:莱州湾海域磷酸盐、无机氮超标严重,整体已表现出富营养化,其中黄河口和小清河口附近富营养化较为明显,这主要是受到陆源排污和海水养殖的影响,基本符合实际情况.     

论景观非生态功能的含义及评价技术

随着对现代环境问题之综合性特征的认识不断深入,景观规划理论及评价技术研究在国际上渐成热点。在我国,相对于景观生态功能,景观非生态功能的研究,尤其是其评价技术的研究刚刚起步,景观非生态功能对于文化传承及和谐社会和两型社会建设的积极意义未得到足够的重视。本文由景观非生态功能的含义出发,探讨其在自然与环境保护政策中所应具有的地位,以及保护开发过程中存在的主要问题。在总结回顾国内外景观非生态功能研究成果的基础上,明确景观非生态功能评价技术研究的重点领域和方向。文章最后,总结性描述了一个最新的景观非生态功能评价理论模型研究成果,讨论并提出我国景观非生态功能研究发展的重要方向。     

场地环境评价在中国的现状及其发展趋势

以中国现有的场地环境评价的标准和法律法规,以及实施现状为基础,参照发达国家和地区的相关经验,阐述在中国实施场地环境评价的必要性和相关标准的制定或修订趋势。在中国广泛推进实施场地环境评价,不仅有利于降低场地变更带来的环境风险,降低场地买卖和商业并购中的投资风险,还有利于加强对土壤和地下水的环境保护。     

呼和浩特城市人居环境建设质量初步评价

呼和浩特因其特殊的自然环境和相对落后的社会经济条件,致使人居环境建设相对滞后。本文在室内大量查阅资料和问卷调查的基础上,结合呼和浩特城市人居环境的实际情况,构建了呼和浩特城市人居环境评价指标体系,并采用层次分析的评价方法,对呼和浩特城市人居环境建设质量进行了初步评价,以期为环保、城建、城管等政府相关职能部门和房地产开发商的决策提供科学的理论依据。     

Prospects for carbon-neutral housing: the influence of greater wood use on the carbon footprint of a single-family residence

This paper examines the energy and carbon balance of two residential house alternatives; a typical wood frame home using more conventional materials (brick cladding, vinyl windows, asphalt shingles, and fibreglass insulation) and a similar wood frame house that also maximizes wood use throughout (cedar shingles and siding, wood windows, and cellulose insulation) in place of the more typical materials used – a wood-intensive house. Carbon emission and fossil fuel consumption balances were established for the two homes based on the cumulative total of three subsystems: (1) forest harvesting and regeneration; (2) cradle-to-gate product manufacturing, construction, and replacement effects over a 100-year service life; and (3) end-of-life effects – landfilling with methane capture and combustion or recovery of biomass for energy production.The net carbon balance of the wood-intensive house showed a complete offset of the manufacturing emissions by the credit given to the system for forest re-growth. Including landfill methane emissions, the wood-intensive life cycle yielded 20 tons of CO₂e emissions compared to 72 tons for the typical house. The wood-intensive home's life cycle also consumed only 45% of the fossil fuels used in the typical house.Diverting wood materials from the landfill at the end of life improved the life cycle balances of both the typical and wood-intensive houses. The carbon balance of the wood-intensive house was 5.2 tons of CO₂e permanently removed from the atmosphere (a net carbon sink) as compared to 63.4 of total CO₂e emissions for the typical house. Substitution of wood fuel for natural gas and coal in electricity production led to a net energy balance of the wood-intensive house that was nearly neutral, 87.1 GJ energy use, 88% lower than the scenario in which the materials were landfilled.Allocating biomass generation and carbon sequestration in the forest on an economic basis as opposed to a mass basis significantly improves the life cycle balances of both houses. Employing an economic allocation method to the forest leads to 3–5 times greater carbon sequestration and fossil fuel substitution attributable to the house, which is doubled in forestry regimes that remove stumps and slash as fuel. Thus, wood use has the potential to create a significantly negative carbon footprint for a house up to the point of occupancy and even offset a portion of heating and cooling energy use and carbon emissions; the wood-intensive house is energy and carbon neutral for 34–68 years in Ottawa and has the potential to be a net carbon sink and energy producer in a more temperate climate like San Francisco.     

昆山市人居环境质量综合评价研究

从城市人居环境系统构成的角度,并根据昆山市社会经济环境特点,建立了一套评价昆山市人居环境质量的指标体系。根据昆山市2002年-2007年统计年鉴的数据资料,进一步从居住条件和资源配置、生态环境、基础设施和公共服务、城市发展水平四个方面对昆山市人居环境质量进行了较为详细的评价,并将人居环境质量改善与GDP增长进行比较。结果表明,2002年以来昆山市人居环境质量有较大的改善,但仍滞后与经济的发展速度。     

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River （China）

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong,near the estuary of the Yangtze River.It plays a key role in supplying water for production,life,shipment and irrigation.With the industrial development,the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently.The biological oxygen demand (BOD),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),oil,phenol and suspended solids (SS) were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites,indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site,near the center of Shanghai City.Dissolved oxygen (DO) content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July.Among relations between thirteen characteristics,relations between BOD,DO,TN,TP,NH_4~ -N, NO_3~--N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent.Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied.High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms,including E.coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body,and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen.In the Yangpu site,DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July.Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate.Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation.Consequently,river water contains low NO_3~--N values with high amounts of TN and NH_4~ -N there.This will block the self-purification of surface water,by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.