长江-洪泽湖段突发跨界污染风险交流信息图谱研究

在分析我国当前环境风险交流存在问题基础上,将信息图谱引入到流域突发跨界环境污染风险交流中.参考公共卫生领域信息图谱制定步骤,结合突发跨界环境污染风险管理特点与要求,构建流域突发跨界环境污染利益相关方构架体系.编制流域突发跨界环境污染事件利益相关方问题清单框架,对流域突发跨界环境污染利益相关方问题计算权重,按权重大小进行排序分类.以南水北调东线工程长江-洪泽湖段为研究区域,绘制风险交流信息图谱,利用ArcGIS制作信息图谱单元图以及单元表实现对海量信息资料的挖掘、提炼与表达,不仅满足了利益相关方对于信息的迫切需求,提高了环境风险交流效率,保证了突发跨界环境污染应急处理处置措施的有力实施.同时也为利益相关方进行有效的风险沟通提供了预见性、准确的关键信息与支持信息,为流域突发跨界环境污染风险决策提供辅助信息工具.     

采伐林窗对马尾松人工林土壤微生物生物量的初期影响

为了解人为采伐活动形成的林窗对马尾松低效人工林土壤微生物生物量的影响,以39 a生的马尾松人工林7 种不同大小林窗(G1:100 m²、G2:225 m²、G3:400 m²、G4:625 m²、G5:900m²、G6:1 225 m²、G7:1 600 m²)以及林下为研究对象,分析了林窗中央和林窗边缘土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)的季节变化。结果显示:①林窗大小显著影响了林窗内各位置土壤MBC和MBP,对MBN影响不显著;MBN与MBC变化趋势相同,均随林窗增大呈先升后降的单峰型变化,但MBN变化幅度较小,MBP仅在林窗中央具有单峰型变化。MBC、MBN和MBP分别在面积为400~900 m²、225~625 m²和625~900 m²的林窗较高。总体来看,中型林窗更有利于微生物生物量的增值。②季节变化对土壤MBC、MBN、MBP均有极显著影响,MBC为夏高春低,MBN夏高冬低;MBP的变化较复杂,秋季相对较高。③林窗中央与边缘间MBC、MBN、MBP差异不显著,但MBC、MBN显著高于林下。说明较之马尾松纯林,林窗内土壤微生物活性有较大提高。④土壤温度对MBC、MBN有显著影响,土壤含水量对MBN、MBP有显著影响,土壤温度和水分是林窗形成后影响土壤微生物生物量的重要环境因子。     

Modeling and optimizing efficiency gap between managers and operators in integrated resilient systems: The case of a petrochemical plant

The reliability issue in complex industrial systems such as oil, gas, petrochemical companies, nuclear and aviation industries has been of great importance. Resilience engineering (RE) is a new attitude toward the improvement of safety and reliability in the stated systems. One of the challenges a resilient system might face is the gap between work as imagined by managers and work as actually done by operators. This study will introduce a new framework named integrated resilience engineering (IRE) as a result of developing the concept of RE. The data used in this research have been obtained by means of questionnaire from a petrochemical company. Thereafter, the efficiency of operators and managers are calculated in RE and IRE frameworks through data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Then, the gaps between managers and operators are analyzed in two frameworks. The results are indicative of a significant growth in the number of efficient operators and managers in IRE framework compared to RE framework. Besides, the efficiency mean of managers and operators in IRE framework has experienced the growth of 1.8% and 5% compared to RE framework, respectively. The efficiency gap between managers and operators in IRE framework has also enjoyed the improvement of 88% compared to RE framework. Generally, it can be said that the suggested items of this research has led to the betterment of managers and operators’ efficiency and of the efficiency gap between them. Therefore, these items can improve the resilience and safety of complex systems. The results of Spearman test show that there is a strong direct correlation between the DEA results in two frameworks. This is the first study that examines the efficiency gap between operators and managers based on the RE principles and by means of DEA approach.     

Databanks of data sources for environmental chemicals

There exist a vast variety of data sources, either manual sources or computerized databases in the field of environmental chemicals. To facilitate the access and to retrieve the information wanted efficiently, we built up two “databanks of data sources”, one called “Databank of Manual Sources (DMAS)” and the other named “Databank of Databases (DADB)”. The set‐up of these databanks is explained and the load status statistics are shown. DMAS has 164 and DADB 106 hits.     

A fresh perspective on food safety in Canada: risk communication,public involvement,and the impact of the 2008 listeriosis outbreak

While the listeriosis outbreak of 2008 brought attention to food safety decision making in Canada, little of that attention was placed on public involvement and risk communication. With a primary focus on Health Canada (HC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), this article describes the state of microbial-related public involvement and risk communication undertakings and suggests ways in which improvements can be made. The findings show that public involvement and risk communication activities have been strengthened since the outbreak, but they have become neither dialogical nor highly participatory. HC engages with experts to a far greater extent than with the lay public and it has fallen short in fulfilling its stated commitment to openness and transparency. Furthermore, both HC's and the CFIA's approach to risk communication has been overly general, has failed to provide opportunities for dialogue with vulnerable and more general groups with whom it is communicating and is not rooted in foodborne surveillance data. Public involvement in food safety governance would be improved if HC provided the lay public with a seat on advisory committees and improved its public involvement reporting methods. HC and the CFIA could also make risk communication improvements by creating opportunities for dialogue between officials and the general public, and by exploring alternative risk communication vehicles, such as food labels.     

基于文本故障视角的通信保障应急预案有效性评估研究

应急通信预案作为应急通信保障的行动纲领,其文本有效性将直接影响预案有效性,进而影响到整个应急救援行动的有效性。针对预案文本有效性问题,从文本故障视角出发,基于故障树分析法构建通信保障应急预案有效性评估模型;采用语句成分分析法和伪代码转换法对预案进行故障形式诊断,结合标准故障树,计算预案的有效性并给出具体评估步骤;最终,通过4个样本预案对模型进行实例分析,结果表明:该模型能够提高预案文本故障的识别效率,对预案的编制或修订具有参考意义。     

移动基站远场区功率密度分布和规划控制距离

为掌握畸变条件下移动通讯基站周围功率密度分布,合理确定其规划控制距离,在杭州市主城区选取具有不同网络类型和载波数的2057个移动基站,实测话务高峰期基站周围射频场功率密度.结果表明,畸变条件下GSM基站远场区功率密度S∝r-1.83 (非畸变条件下S∝r-2),决定系数R2=0.80;距基站天线20m内,约85.91%测点功率密度实测值小于非畸变条件下依据天线标称功率和增益计算的理论值.,频数统计结果表明,距天线1~15m范围内,运营商A所属基站S10值(表示有10%的测点功率密度高于该值)比运营商B高10.00%;距天线1~30m内,双网和三网共站基站S10值分别比单网基站高50.31%和57.10%.移动通讯基站规划控制距离以15m为宜,15m外测点功率密度值超过8μW/cm2的基站只占所测基站的0.11%.     

Perverse Incentive Structure and Policy Implementation Gap in China's Local Environmental Politics

The obvious paradox within China's environmental politics is the big gap between the central government's policy and its implementation outcomes at local levels. Despite concerns about implementation at the local level, much about the role of central governments in China's local environmental politics is still poorly understood. This article examines how the incentive structure set by the central authorities affects the policy implementation gap at the local level. Drawing on fieldwork and document analysis, this article argues that the incentives set by the central government regarding environmental policy implementation at local levels are perversely structured, meaning that the central government provides much more incentive for local governments' non-implementation or poor implementation of its environmental policies than it provides for full implementation. The central government's failure to encourage—politically, financially, as well as morally—local government officials to appropriately implement environmental policies can partly explain the production of the policy implementation gap at the local level. This implementation gap cannot be overcome by efforts at the local level unless the central government takes significant measures to address the perverse incentive structure embedded in the overall structure of China's local environmental politics.     

Dancing to different tunes: heterospecific deciphering of the honeybee waggle dance

Although the structure of the dance language is very similar among species of honeybees, communication of the distance component of the message varies both intraspecifically and interspecifically. However, it is not known whether different honeybee species would attend interspecific waggle dances and, if so, whether they can decipher such dances. Using mixed-species colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera, we show that, despite internal differences in the structure of the waggle dances of foragers, both species attend, and act on the information encoded in each other’s waggle dances but with limited accuracy. These observations indicate that direction and distance communication pre-date speciation in honeybees.