采油作业区节能减排探索与实践

H作业区经过对节能减排中问题的总结,实施了哈得四联合站放空气回收轻烃外输、哈得一联合站二段气回收、污水闭路循环回收利用、淡化水流程优化等节能减排工程,促进了节能减排,减少了碳排放,实现了清洁生产,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

An approach to optimise nutrient management in environmental sanitation systems despite limited data

The material flow analysis method can be used to assess the impact of environmental sanitation systems on resource consumption and environmental pollution. However, given the limited access to reliable data, application of this data-intensive method in developing countries may be difficult. This paper presents an approach allowing to develop material flow models despite limited data availability. Application of an iterative procedure is of key importance: model parameter values should first be assessed on the basis of a literature review and by eliciting expert judgement. If model outputs are not plausible, sensitive input parameters should be reassessed more accurately. Moreover, model parameters can be expressed as probability distributions and variable uncertainty estimated by using Monte Carlo simulation. The impact of environmental sanitation systems on the phosphorus load discharged into surface water in Hanoi, Vietnam, is simulated by applying the proposed approach.     

动态平衡法测试气候舱回收率的方法研究

气候舱法凭借可靠的环境模拟特性和非破坏性,是目前国际与国内广泛采用的实验室检测方法,常用于检测木制品家具、建筑材料和汽车中的有害物质。本研究测定挥发性有机化合物组分的气候舱法回收率,发现持续注射甲苯3h后浓度才达到动态平衡,3h后的平均回收率为87.7%,证明动态平衡法适用于测定气候舱回收率的测定,同时证明了气候舱法测定VOC组分能够符合标准的要求。     

污水处理磷回收的研究进展

磷矿数量减少与含磷污水造成的水体富营养化问题对磷资源的可持续利用提出了迫切要求。从污水处理的不同环节回收磷并重新利用,是实现磷资源循环利用的有效途径。本文讨论了国内外磷回收技术的研究进展和应用实例,包括从含磷污泥和富磷污水中回收磷的工艺,并对磷回收的技术经济性进行了分析。     

含硫天然气净化厂硫化氢泄漏分析及对策

以川东北某含硫天然气净化厂为对象,通过分析该净化厂的处理工艺及可能造成泄漏的各种原因,确定了硫化氢泄漏危险较高的生产单元。通过工艺压力、流量、物料组分的比对,选取了脱硫单元原料气和硫磺回收单元酸性气作为模拟泄漏物料。对该厂所在地的气象条件和厂区的地形地貌进行了调查,净化厂当地近5年风速、云量统计表明低风速和多云为主导天气,将D1.5m/s作为模拟硫化氢泄漏扩散的典型气象条件。采用了美国石油学会(API)推荐地面粗糙度长度。运用PHAST软件计算了在典型气象条件下通过3种不同孔径泄漏1 min,5min和30min,形成的立即危及生命或健康(IDLH)范围。在典型气象条件下IDLH的下风向边界距离在41m至1190m范围内,以硫磺回收单元的大孔径泄漏为最远。以小孔泄漏为例模拟并讨论了风速、大气稳定度对硫化氢扩散的影响。为降低H2S泄漏风险提出了在线监测及联锁系统设置的要求,对避免和减少硫化氢中毒伤亡事故具有指导意义。     

鸟粪石结晶法从废水中回收磷的研究进展

鸟粪石结晶法是一种能同时回收废水中磷源和氮源的处理方法。本文总结了鸟粪石晶体的生长机理、颗粒形成和生长的影响因素,并着重比较了能够形成鸟粪石的各种反应器的优缺点。此外,文章总结了采用鸟粪石结晶法处理实际废水的相关研究,并对其经济效益做了评估。最后对鸟粪石结晶技术未来的研究方向进行了展望,提出了国内鸟粪石结晶技术研究的必要性。     

Don’t Fight the Site: Three Geomorphic Considerations in Catchment-Scale River Rehabilitation Planning

Three geomorphic considerations that underpin the design and implementation of realistic and strategic river conservation and rehabilitation programs that work with the nature are outlined. First, the importance of appreciating the inherent diversity of river forms and processes is discussed. Second, river dynamics are appraised, framing the contemporary behavioral regime of a reach in relation to system evolution to explain changes to river character and behavior over time. Third, the trajectory of a reach is framed in relation to downstream patterns of river types, analyzing landscape connectivity at the catchment scale to interpret geomorphic river recovery potential. The application of these principles is demonstrated using extensive catchment-scale analyses of geomorphic river responses to human disturbance in the Bega and Upper Hunter catchments in southeastern Australia. Differing implications for reach- and catchment-scale rehabilitation planning prompt the imperative that management practices work with nature rather than strive to ‘fight the site.’