潜流人工湿地基质堵塞的研究进展

潜流人工湿地是城市污水深度处理和农村污水分散处理的有效技术,但存在的基质堵塞问题因可缩短其使用寿命而极大降低了该技术的经济优势,成为制约其发展的瓶颈和研究的重点.在分析潜流人工湿地基质堵塞影响因素的基础上,探讨了其堵塞的机理和模型,提出了预防措施和恢复对策.前期进水预处理、进行湿地数值模拟和强化运行管理等能有效解决人工湿地堵塞问题.     

降解嗪草酮微生物菌剂的制备及稳定性研究

通过富集培养分离出嗪草酮降解菌N1,降解菌在固体平板上培养,菌落大,表面粗糙,扁平,不规则,为质地软、稍有光泽的白色菌落,直径为5～7mm.菌体细胞为杆状,末端方,成短或长链,菌体大小为1.0～ 1.2 μm× 3.0～ 5.0 μm.将N1降解菌制成菌剂,用气楣色谱法进行定量分析,通过单因素试验确定菌剂中载体配比、接种菌液量、加入营养液量、发酵时间、烘干温度等影响因子的优势条件,设计正交试验确定最优菌剂制备条件:m(豆粕):m(麦麸):m(木屑):m(硅藻土)比例为60:20:15:5,接种菌液量为15％,营养液量为10％,发酵时间为48 h,烘干温度为30℃.在上述条件制备的菌剂对嗪草酮的降解率为79％.该菌剂在25℃下保存50d后对嗪草酮仍有较高的降解效果.     

不同螯合剂对花生富集污染土壤中Co的影响

采用模拟Co污染土壤的方法,分别投加2.5 mmol/kg、5.0mmol/kg、7.5 mmol/kg的EDDS、NTA、CA和OA,研究了其对花生生长与吸收土壤重金属Co,以及对土壤中Co的活化能力的影响.结果表明:整合剂处理使花生的生物量降低,在高浓度整合剂处理时,降幅最大;EDDS的添加比NTA、CA和OA更显著地增加了土壤Co的有效态质量比,同时明显提高了花生的富集系数和转运能力;在螯合剂处理下,花生的转运系数最高达到0.916,具备了修复土壤重金属污染的能力;根系和地上部富集Co能力最强时分别达到58.64 mg/kg和46.33mg/kg,是对照组的1.29和3.63倍;各处理花生根系中的Co质量比要高于茎叶中的质量比,花生植株Co质量比与土壤有效态Co质量比呈显著(p＜0.05)或极显著相关(p＜0.01);综合来看,螯合剂的投加能有效活化土壤溶液中的Co,促进植物吸收、转运重金属.     

微量金属强化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化优化条件研究

采用L9(34)正交试验,研究了CoCl2·6H2O、FeCl2 ·4H2O及NiCl2·6H2O投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)和COD减量及累积产气量的影响,确定了三因素的主次顺序及最优工艺条件.结果表明,当CoCl2·6H2O、FeCl2·4H2O及NiCl2·6H2O的投加量分别为0.1 mg/(L·d)、1 mg/(L·d)和0.4 mg/(L·d)时,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化减量及产气效果均最优.在此条件下,经过25 d单相厌氧消化,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化TS、VS、COD的去除率及累积产气量分别达到46.04％、61.02％、58.24％和27 433 mL/L,比不投加微量金属的处理分别高16.98％、28.12％、27.84％和48.63％.Co、Fe和Ni的投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化TS、VS和COD去除率及累积产气量均有显著影响,其中Co的影响达到极显著水平;Co、Fe和Ni对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化减量及产气效率影响的主次顺序及显著性从大到小均为Co、Ni、Fe.     

不同预处理方法对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

为了寻求适宜的预处理方法,提高剩余污泥发酵产氢率,通过间歇式试验考察了热、酸、碱和高温好氧4种预处理方法对剩余污泥发酵产氢的影响.结果表明4种预处理方法均能有效抑制耗氢菌括性,同时促进污泥中微生物胞内物质的释放,使可溶性糖类物质和蛋白质质量浓度增加.其中高温好氧预处理的溶胞效果最好,可溶性糖类物质和可溶性蛋白物质质量浓度均最高,分别为878 mg/L和15 606mg/L,分别为原剩余污泥的10.58倍和58.45倍.4种方法预处理后的污泥发酵均获得了氢气,其中高温好氧预处理污泥产气率最高,为10.68 mL/g TS;其次是热预处理污泥,产气率为6.58 mL/g TS;碱预处理污泥产气率为3.63 mL/g TS;酸性预处理污泥产气率最低,仅为1.41 mL/g TS.     

土木建筑施工安全生产聚集性活动的安全专项管理

土木建筑安全生产形势严峻,重特大事故时有发生,因此控制工程建设过程的安全生产事故意义重大。基于作业条件危险性评价原理和安全生产责任与事故管理机制,提出土木建筑施工作业活动聚集性安全生产专项管理创新方法。基于国内相关研究成果,建议了土木建筑施工活动聚集性程度的分类标准、分级管理模式,以及聚集性活动安全专项管理计划。     

高速公路雾形成预测研究

雾对高速公路交通运行及行车安全有重要影响,掌握雾天出现的天气特征,有利于提高高速公路雾天管理的有效性和针对性。以重庆高速公路2009~2011年两个雾季的交通数据和天气数据为依据,在分析雾天能见度对高速公路交通影响的基础上,确定影响交通的雾天能见度阈值为600m。对雾天形成气象条件的时间演变进行的主成分分析与相关性分析表明,最大湿度和昼夜温差对雾的形成有决定性影响,其中相对湿度的对起雾的影响大于昼夜温差影响,将相对湿度大于95%作为起雾的关键因素。建立了雾天出现的预测模型,为高速公路雾天管理提供依据。     

A Model to Analyze Ergonomics Working Conditions

An ergonomics and safety model to assess and evaluate the most critical industrial improvement areas in a developing nation. This study was initiated and supported by a Fortune 500 Corporation interested in improving its global operations in developing nations. This initiative was also fully supported by an emerging nation that was concerned with its ergonomics and safety problems. The model was tested and validated in the emerging nation and the results were used to further enhance the model so that it can be implemented and adapted to other similar work environments. The model provides a practical methodology that analyzes and evaluates an emerging nation’s current work environments, suggests practical solutions, and recommends effective remedies.     

地铁施工灾害关键警兆监测指标研究

为实现地铁施工灾害警兆的实时监测和重点跟踪,预防和减少地铁施工灾害的发生,应用WBS-RBS及关联规则对地铁施工灾害关键警兆监测指标进行科学选取。通过分析以往地铁施工事故,针对基坑工程采用WBS-RBS方法,全面识别施工过程中的风险源,并运用基坑工程警兆监测指标关联规则模型对"地墙渗漏"警兆的20组样本数据进行计算分析,得到警兆与监测指标的频繁项集,从而甄选出关键警兆监测指标。结果表明,由于关联规则的存在,当警兆监测指标组合中某个指标超过阈值时,组合中可能存在其他指标同时超过其指标阈值,因此这时应加强对其他指标的监测。     

Population dynamics during startup of thermophilic anaerobic digesters: The mixing factor

Two thermophilic digesters were inoculated with manure and started-up under mixed and stagnant conditions. The Archaea in the mixed digester (A) were dominated by hydrogenotrophic Methanobateriaceae (61%) with most of the methane being produced via syntrophic pathways. Methanosarcinales (35%) were the only acetoclastic methanogens present. Acetate dissipation seems to depend on balanced hydrogenotrophic-to-acetotrophic abundance, which in turn was statistically correlated to free ammonia levels. Relative abundance of bacterial community was associated with the loading rate. However, in the absence of mixing (digester B), the relationship between microbial composition and operating parameters was not discernible. This was attributed to the development of microenvironments where environmental conditions are significantly different from average measured parameters. The impact of microenvironments was accentuated by the use of a non-acclimated seed that lacks adequate propionate degraders. Failure to disperse the accumulated propionate, and other organics, created high concentration niches where competitive and inhibiting conditions developed and favored undesired genera, such as Halobacteria (65% in B). As a result, digester B experienced higher acid levels and lower allowable loading rate. Mixing was found necessary to dissipate potential inhibitors, and improve stability and loading capacity, particularly when a non-acclimated seed, often lacking balanced thermophilic microflora, is used.