基于APSIM模型的春玉米生育期旱灾损失敏感性定量分析

作物不同生育期旱灾损失敏感性研究对于提高农业干旱监测准确率、采取合理的农业抗旱减灾措施等有重要意义.干旱发生时,农业用水被压缩,充分利用当前可用灌溉水量以取得较好的作物产量效益是农业抗旱减灾中的重点.目前已有研究大多从水分胁迫试验出发,分析不同干旱胁迫对作物产量的影响,定性分析作物各生育期旱灾损失敏感性.由于农田试验样...     

基于网络分析解析水源水库春季水体反硝化群落演变特征及驱动因素

结合现场水质调查和nirS反硝化功能基因的高通量测序技术,对周村水库春季热分层形成过程中的反硝化群落演变特征以及影响因素进行解析.结果表明,该时期水体分层逐渐形成,水体硝氮（NO₃^-）、氨氮（NH₄⁺）、总氮（TN）、总有机碳（TOC）、五日生化需氧量（BOD₅）、高锰酸盐指数、总磷（TP）、铁（Fe）和锰（Mn）均呈现显著差异（P<0.01）,氮素呈现明显地下降趋势;高通量测序得到8703个OTU,共归属于3个门、8个主要的属,其中变形菌门占比最大、达到45.27%~78.90%;α-多样性指数计算显示除辛普森指数（Simpson指数）外,ACE指数、Chao指数、香农指数（Shannon指数）以及覆盖率指数（coverage指数）呈现显著差异（P<0.05）;主坐标分析春季3~5月间水体反硝化群落存在显著差异,与置换多因素方差分析的结果相一致（P<0.001）;物种间网络分析显示,该时期共有7个主要的模块,包含131个节点316个边,正向相关的边所占比例高达95.25%;物种-环境因子间网络分析显示,该时期共有5个模块,包含140个节点329个边,正向相关的边所占比例高达51.98%;指示物种分析得到62个指示OTU,关键物种分析得到28个关键物种OTU;RDA以及mantel test分析发现温度（T）、溶解氧（DO）、NO₃^-、TN、TOC、BOD₅和TP是驱动水库春季水体反硝化菌群落结构以及关键反硝化物种演变的主要环境因素.综上,通过对该时期水体反硝化群落演变特征以及影响因素进行研究,可以为水库水体氮素的迁移转化以及污染控制提供技术支持.     

典型岩溶地区岩溶泉溶解性碳浓度变化及其通量估算

溶解性无机碳(DIC)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)是岩溶作用、碳汇与碳循环研究的重要指标.为增进对小流域岩溶泉DIC和DOC运移特征的认识,提升离散、有限的水质监测数据条件下碳通量的估算精度,研究了贵州普定陈旗岩溶泉DIC和DOC浓度的变化特征,采用LOADEST模型建立了估算DIC和DOC日通量的回归方程,并估算了陈旗岩溶泉的岩溶碳汇强度.结果表明,陈旗岩溶泉DIC和DOC的浓度分别为16. 47～42. 31 mg·L~(-1)和0. 87～6. 89 mg·L~(-1),它们分别随瞬时径流量的增加呈指数减小和增加.从LOADEST模型构建的回归方程可知,DIC日通量主要受径流量的影响,DOC日通量受径流量和时间的影响;陈旗岩溶泉DIC和DOC的估算通量分别为9 490. 01 kg·a~(-1)和1 704. 87 kg·a~(-1),陈旗岩溶泉的岩溶碳汇强度为3. 40 g·(m~2·a)~(-1). LOADEST模型是低频率水质监测条件下估算岩溶泉DIC和DOC通量的有效工具.     

废旧阴极射线管(CRT)显示器玻壳进入土壤后铅的释放及转化

通过室内模拟试验,采用土壤连续提取法,探究废旧CRT显示器玻壳进入土壤环境后铅的释放及迁移转化过程.结果表明,土壤原始Pb总含量为28.4 mg/kg;按1∶20的玻壳/土壤质量比加入玻壳后土壤中Pb总含量为8 634.4 mg/kg,其中,溶解态和可交换态Pb(EXC-Pb)的含量为0.20～0.98 mg/kg,与碳酸盐结合的Pb(CARB-Pb)为20.1～103.6 mg/kg,与铁锰氧化物结合的Pb(RO-Pb)为26.7～54.3 mg/kg.上述3种形态Pb的总和为48.6～155.2 mg/kg.在EXC提取步骤中,直接从玻璃颗粒表面溶解的Pb含量为(0.038±0.025) mg/kg;而在CARB和RO提取步骤中,直接从玻璃颗粒表面溶解的Pb含量为(7.55±3.13) mg/kg.因此,CRT显示器玻壳进入土壤后,玻壳中的Pb释放并主要与土壤中CARB和RO矿物结合.加酸处理使土壤原位测定的pH值从8.0～8.3降低到7.1～7.5,但对土壤中Pb的形态没有产生显著影响.废旧CRT玻壳颗粒中的Pb向CARB、RO、EXC形态释放速率分别为21.1/t、　3.8/t、　0.15/t　mg·(kg·d)^-1 (t为处理时间,单位为d).当土壤pH或Eh值降低时,与CARB或RO结合的Pb可能转变为溶解与可交换态.因此,CRT玻壳颗粒进入土壤后Pb的释放会导致潜在的环境风险.     

彭佳屿岛春季TSP中痕量金属组成及其来源解析

通过大气环流向海洋大气边界层传输的人为源和陆源物质,明显改变了海洋气溶胶中痕量金属的组成.但基于开阔海域岛屿连续观测研究海洋气溶胶中痕量金属元素组成及其来源的研究较少.2010年3—5月在我国台湾北部东海海域彭佳屿岛采集了60个TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了19种痕量金属（Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co、Cr、V、Ni、Tl、Zn、Sn、Pb、As、Cd、Sb、Se）的质量浓度.基于TSP中Al浓度、气团后向轨迹分析和美国国家宇航局CALIPSO卫星星载激光雷达扫描图像,将采集的TSP分为非沙尘TSP（不受沙尘影响的TSP）和沙尘TSP（受沙尘影响的TSP）.沙尘TSP中所有痕量金属的浓度都高于非沙尘TSP,表明沙尘对彭佳屿岛TSP中痕量金属有贡献.结合富集因子、相关性分析和PMF模型研究结果表明,彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti和Y主要来源于地壳矿物,Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr同时受地壳矿物和人为源的影响;沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr主要来源于地壳矿物.V和Ni在彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中主要来源于燃料油燃烧,而在沙尘TSP中同时受燃料油燃烧和地壳矿物的影响.非沙尘TSP和沙尘TSP中,Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se的来源相似.Tl主要源于交通和煤燃烧,Zn、Sn、Pb、Cd和Sb同时来源于交通、煤和燃料油燃烧,As主要来源于煤燃烧,Se则主要来源于煤和燃料油燃烧.研究显示,人为源释放到大气中的Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se可以通过大气环流长距离传输至开阔海域.      

Delignification of disposable wooden chopsticks waste for fermentative hydrogen production by an enriched culture from a hot spring

Hydrogen(H2) production from lignocellulosic materials may be enhanced by removing lignin and increasing the porosity of the material prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Alkaline pretreatment conditions,used to delignify disposable wooden chopsticks(DWC) waste, were investigated. The effects of NaOH concentration, temperature and retention time were examined and it was found that retention time had no effect on lignin removal or carbohydrate released in enzymatic hydrolysate. The highest percentage of lignin removal(41%) was obtained with 2% NaOH at 100℃, correlated with the highest carbohydrate released(67 mg/gpretreated DWC) in the hydrolysate. An enriched culture from a hot spring was used as inoculum for fermentative H2 production, and its optimum initial pH and temperature were determined to be 7.0 and 50℃, respectively. Furthermore, enzymatic hydrolysate from pretreated DWC was successfully demonstrated as a substrate for fermentative H2 production by the enriched culture. The maximum H2 yield and production rate were achieved at 195 mL H2/g total sugarsconsumedand 116 mL H2/(L·day), respectively.     

高氟温泉水中氟在周边水环境中的分布特征与评价

针对温泉水中高氟现象,本实验利用离子选择性电极法,分析测定高氟温泉水周边河水中氟含量及河水底泥中氟含量。通过对高氟温泉水分布特征的研究可初步得知,温泉中高氟在周边水环境中分布因其氟含量大、不易被重视,对环境的影响相对较大。     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

利用粉煤灰制备镁橄榄石微晶玻璃的研究

为丰富微晶玻璃外观色泽,提高产品竞争力,利用氟硅酸盐在微晶玻璃制备中可作成核剂的特性,经过理论分析确定以粉煤灰提取有价成分后的含氟固体残渣为主要原料生产镁橄榄石微晶玻璃的配料。通过等温晶化制度对产品进行晶化处理;运用扫描电镜对产品的结晶过程进行观察;采用X射线衍射分析确定产品的主晶相,验证是否生成了该配料条件下的目标晶相。研究表明,晶化产物中生成了大量以镁橄榄石为主晶相的微晶体,且基础玻璃的熔融温度大为降低,该原料配比是成功的。     

A pore-scale investigation of mass transport from dissolving DNAPL droplets

Spheres and pendular rings of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene are observed dissolving in an artificial porous medium consisting of a single layer of glass beads. Given the simple geometry of the droplets, pore-scale mass transfer coefficients are calculated. For dissolving spheres, mass transfer coefficients are found to be constant over time. However, coefficients for pendular rings are found to decrease as the rings shrink in size. This is consistent with the concept of diffusion-controlled mass transfer in low-flow zones. Sherwood numbers measured at Reynolds numbers between 0.0033 and 8.33 show a similar trend to empirical relationships established by previous researchers using other techniques. As in previous experiments, considerable scatter in mass transfer rates is observed at a given mean flux. It is hypothesized that this variation in local mass transfer rates is caused by variations in local pore velocity.