碳源对O/A-F/F模式积累内源聚合物及反硝化的影响

好氧/缺氧-盛宴/饥饿(O/A-F/F)选择模式能够在好氧段实现活性污泥积累内源聚合物的同时在缺氧段原位利用内源聚合物驱动反硝化.为了深入探究不同的碳源类型对O/A-F/F模式下内源聚合物积累和内源反硝化的影响,实验以乙酸和葡萄糖为主要碳源探究内源聚合物积累和内源反硝化特性以及富集的活性污泥菌群的结构和功能.结果表明,在O/A-F/F选择模式下,当进水化学需氧量(COD)为500 mg·L~(-1)左右时,以乙酸为主要碳源系统(Ac-SBR)和以葡萄糖为主要碳源的系统(Gc-SBR)均能实现40 mg·L~(-1)的硝酸盐氮的内源去除,且各系统均实现了部分短程反硝化.但Ac-SBR实现了更高的亚硝酸盐的积累.乙酸有利于内源聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)积累并驱动内源反硝化过程,PHA产率为0.52,平均反硝化速率(DNR)为9.65 mg·(L·h)-1.Gc-SBR系统能够实现PHA和糖原(Gly)的同时积累,但Gly产率高于PHA产率,分别为0.36和0.17,DNR为4.35 mg·(L·h)-1.Gly是实现内源反硝化过程的主要驱动力,反硝化脱氮贡献率占总量的77%.16S rRNA高通量测序表明Proteobacteria门中的β-Proteobacteria在Ac-SBR中为优势菌纲,菌群丰度为40.56%,而在Gc-SBR中菌群丰度为18.05%.α-Proteobacteria可能在Gc-SBR中贡献了微生物的糖原积累.β-Proteobacteria、Unclassified Bacteroidetes和Lgnavibacteria在Ac-SBR中贡献了内源PHA积累.     

植物根系质外体溶液的提取方法研究:以多环芳烃为例

根系质外体溶液中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析对于阐明植物根系PAHs吸收运移机制及阻控意义重大.然而,迄今鲜有便捷成熟的植物根系质外体溶液提取方法的报道.为此,本研究以小麦为材料,菲为PAHs的代表,探究了植物根系质外体溶液的真空渗透离心提取方法.结果表明,小麦根系质外体菲提取量随真空度、真空时间、离心速率、离心时间的增加而增大;小麦根系质外体六磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDH)活性随真空度、真空时间、离心速率、离心时间的增加而升高.依据质外体溶液受原生质污染程度小于1%且尽量提取完全的原则,真空渗透离心提取法的最佳真空度为70 k Pa,最佳真空时间为10 min,最佳离心速率为3 068 r·min-1,最佳离心时间为15 min.研究结果可为污染物的植物根系质外体运输研究提供有效、简便的方法支撑.     

The behavioral component in the meaning of places

How do people think about the physical setting in the world around them? Part of the answer to this question may be in terms of the behaviors that occur there. To explore people's knowledge of behavior—place associations, twenty places (shown via color photographs) were assessed in five ways: (a) ratings of the place's suitability for each of eleven behaviors, (b) ratings of the expected frequency of occurrence of the eleven behaviors, (c) free listings of reasons for going to each place, (d) free listings of activities-while-there and (e) free listings of activities associated with the place. Results showed that people can distinguish places on the basis of behaviors, that the behavioral component of place meaning is composed of distinct aspects, and that knowledge of behavior is related to a global, overall representation of a place.     

Contribution of anthropogenic pollutants to the increase of tropospheric ozone levels in the Oporto Metropolitan Area, Portugal since the 19th century

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of anthropogenic pollutants to the increase of tropospheric ozone levels in the Oporto Metropolitan Area (Portugal) since the 19th century. The study was based on pre-industrial and recent data series, the results being analyzed according to the atmospheric chemistry. The treatment of ozone and meteorological data was performed by classical statistics and by time-series analysis. It was concluded that in the 19th century the ozone present in the troposphere was not of photochemical origin, being possible to consider the respective concentrations as reference values. For recent data a cycle of 8h for ozone concentrations could be related to traffic. Compared to the 19th century, the current concentrations were 147% higher (252% higher in May) due to the increased photochemical production associated with the increased anthropogenic emissions.     

低剂量镉诱导细胞氧化损伤的机理研究

镉是一种有毒重金属,能诱导酿酒酵母的氧化损伤.为了研究低剂量镉诱导细胞氧化损伤的作用,通过有葡萄糖和无葡萄糖的酵母培养基,用浓度2 μmol/L和10 μmol/L的CdCl2染毒酿酒酵母10 h后,统计酿酒酵母细胞的存活率,并用HPLC-EC法测定酿酒酵母线粒体DNA中8-OH-dG/105dG比值.结果表明:无葡萄糖条件下,10μmol/L的CdCl2染毒时酿酒酵母对Cd2 的耐受性比有葡萄糖时明显高(P＜0.01),而且线粒体DNA氧化损伤程度也明显低(P＜0 01);但2 μmol/L的CdCl2染毒时,酿酒酵母对Cd2 的耐受性和线粒体DNA氧化损伤程度与有葡萄糖条件下相比差异不显著(P＞0.05).因此,本文认为低浓度Cr主要对酿酒酵母细胞质中蛋白造成氧化损伤,浓度升高时则对线粒体DNA也产生氧化损伤.     

Al2O3为载体的催化剂净化贫燃汽车尾气研究

在富氧条件下,考察了C₃H₆和C₂H₅OH在Ag/Al₂O₃、In/Al₂O₃、Sn/Al₂O₃、Co/Al₂O₃、Pt/Al₂O₃和Ag/Al₂O₃+Pt/Al₂O₃组合催化剂上选择性还原NO的性能.结果表明,Ag/Al₂O₃具有最高的NO还原活性.在负载型过渡金属氧化物催化剂上,会生成显著量的CO,其HC和CO氧化转化温度也远远高于Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂.串联组合Ag/Al₂O₃+Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂可显著拓宽活性温度范围,促进HC和CO氧化,降低N₂O和CH₃CHO生成量.     

Factors influencing property selection for conservation revolving funds

Finding sustainable ways to increase the amount of private land protected for biodiversity is challenging for many conservation organizations. In some countries, organizations use revolving‐fund programs, whereby land is purchased and then sold to conservation‐minded owners under condition they enter into a conservation covenant or easement. The sale proceeds are used to purchase, protect, and sell additional properties, incrementally increasing the amount of protected private land. Because the effectiveness of this approach relies on selecting appropriate properties, we explored factors currently considered by practitioners and how these are integrated into decision making. We conducted exploratory, semistructured interviews with managers from each of the 5 major revolving funds in Australia. Responses indicated although conservation factors are important, financial and social factors are also highly influential. A major determinant was whether the property could be resold within a reasonable period at a price that replenishes the fund. To facilitate resale, often selected properties include the potential for the construction of a dwelling. Practitioners face with clear trade‐offs between conservation, financial, amenity, and other factors in selecting properties and 3 main challenges: recovering the costs of acquisition, protection, and resale; reselling the property; and meeting conservation goals. Our findings suggest the complexity of these decisions may constrain revolving‐fund effectiveness. Drawing from participant responses, we identified potential strategies to mitigate these risks, such as providing adequate recreational space without jeopardizing ecological assets. We suggest managers could benefit from a shared‐learning and adaptive approach to property selection given the commonalities between programs. Understanding how practitioners deal with complex decisions in the implementation of revolving funds helps identify future research to improve the performance of this conservation tool.     

Use of genetic,climatic, and microbiological data to inform reintroduction of a regionally extinct butterfly

Species reintroductions are increasingly used as means of mitigating biodiversity loss. Besides habitat quality at the site targeted for reintroduction, the choice of source population can be critical for success. The butterfly Melanargia russiae (Esper´s marbled white) was extirpated from Hungary over 100 years ago, and a reintroduction program has recently been approved. We used museum specimens of this butterfly, mitochondrial DNA data (mtDNA), endosymbiont screening, and climatic‐similarity analyses to determine which extant populations should be used for its reintroduction. The species displayed 2 main mtDNA lineages across its range: 1 restricted to Iberia and southern France (Iberian lineage) and another found throughout the rest of its range (Eurasian lineage). These 2 lineages possessed highly divergent wsp alleles of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia. The century‐old Hungarian specimens represented an endemic haplotype belonging to the Eurasian lineage, differing by one mutation from the Balkan and eastern European populations. The Hungarian populations of M. russiae occurred in areas with a colder and drier climate relative to most sites with extant known populations. Our results suggest the populations used for reintroduction to Hungary should belong to the Eurasian lineage, preferably from eastern Ukraine (genetically close and living in areas with the highest climatic similarity). Materials stored in museum collections can provide unique opportunities to document historical genetic diversity and help direct conservation.     

Quantifying progress toward a conservation assessment for all plants

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) set an ambitious target to achieve a conservation assessment for all known plant species by 2020. We consolidated digitally available plant conservation assessments and reconciled their scientific names and assessment status to predefined standards to provide a quantitative measure of progress toward this target. The 241,919 plant conservation assessments generated represent 111,824 accepted land plant species (vascular plants and bryophytes, not algae). At least 73,081 and up to 90,321 species have been assessed at the global scale, representing 21–26% of known plant species. Of these plant species, at least 27,148 and up to 32,542 are threatened. Eighty plant families, including some of the largest, such as Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, and Rubiaceae, are underassessed and should be the focus of assessment effort if the GSPC target is to be met by 2020. Our data set is accessible online (ThreatSearch) and is a baseline that can be used to directly support other GSPC targets and plant conservation action. Although around one‐quarter of a million plant assessments have been compiled, the majority of plants are still unassessed. The challenge now is to build on this progress and redouble efforts to document conservation status of unassessed plants to better inform conservation decisions and conserve the most threatened species.