厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥快速培养及其抑制动力学

为实现厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥(ANAMMOX granular sludge,AGS)的快速培养,采用上流式厌氧污泥床(up-flow anaerobic sludge bed,UASB)工艺,在添加少量絮状厌氧氨氧化污泥(flocculent ANAMMOX sludge,FAS)的反应器内填充生物流离球作为填料,对ANAMMOX的启动及FAS的颗粒化进行研究.同时利用Haldane模型研究AGS的基质抑制动力学特性.结果表明,利用生物流离球作为填料,实现了ANAMMOX的启动,总氮去除率达85%以上,总氮容积负荷为0. 72 kg·(m3·d)-1,并在127 d内成功培养出直径1. 0～3. 0 mm的AGS.动力学研究表明,反应器内AGS对氨和亚硝酸盐的最大反应速率分别为1. 46 kg·(kg·d)-1和1. 76 kg·(kg·d)-1,半抑制速率分别是852. 2 mmol·L-1和108. 2 mmol·L-1.与絮状污泥相比,AGS能承受更高的氨和亚硝酸盐抑制浓度,并保持较高的反应速率.采用含有海绵的生物流离球作为填料,能有效加速反应器的启动,加快AGS的形成,对厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际运行具有积极的意义.     

粉煤灰和活性污泥对好氧填埋渗滤液组分的影响

通过在好氧反应器中添加粉煤灰和活性污泥来加速固体废物的降解。实验结果表明,添加粉煤灰不但改善了氧气扩散,而且增强了反应器对各种污染物的去除能力,对渗滤液中COD、NH4+、NO3-的去除率分别达到75%、68%和65%以上;添加活性污泥引入了一定量的微生物,也有利于固体废物的降解,渗滤液中COD、NH4+、NO3-的去除率分别达到了90%、65%和77%。因此,通过添加粉煤灰和活性污泥来加速固体废物降解是可行的。     

曝气生物滤池反冲洗污泥特性研究

研究了曝气生物滤池(BAF)反冲洗污泥的生物相组成、生物活性、沉降特性及絮凝性能。结果表明,BAF反冲洗污泥具有较强的生物活性和絮凝性能,将其作为生物絮凝剂预处理生活污水时,最佳投加量为0.05～0.1体积比(反冲水占混合液体积比),对污水中COD和SS的去除率分别为21.2%～26.8%和34.2%～37.5%,能够达到预处理目的。     

阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量和水解度对污泥脱水性能影响的研究

通过对污泥絮凝颗粒粒径分布、污泥比阻、泥饼含固率、上清液体积及其中核酸、蛋白质和总糖浓度的测定,研究了不同剂型和剂量阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对城市污泥沉降性能和脱水性能的影响及机制.结果表明,当PAM相对分子质量相同时,提高水解度能改善污泥的沉降和脱水性能;当PAM水解度相同时,提高相对分子质量亦可改善其沉降和脱水...     

Biotoxicity evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles on bacterial performance of activated sludge at COD,nitrogen, and phosphorus reduction

• ZnO-NP disrupted metabolic/catabolic balance of bacteria by affecting DHA activity. • ZnO-NPs toxicity was related to Zn²⁺ ion, interaction with cell and ROS generation. • Exposure to ZnO-NPs resulted in changed bacterial community structure at sludge. • The change in the EPS content was observed during exposure to ZnO-NPs. The unique properties and growing usage of zinc oxide nanoparticles increase their release in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, these nanoparticles, by interacting with microorganisms, can fail the suitable functioning of biological systems in treatment plants. For this reason, research into the toxicity of ZnO is urgent. In the present study, the toxicity mechanism of ZnO-NPs towards microbial communities central to granular activated sludge (GAS) performance was assessed over 120-day exposure. The results demonstrate that the biotoxicity of ZnO-NPs is dependent upon its dosage, exposure time, and the extent of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, GAS performance and the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content were significantly reduced at 50 mg/L ZnO-NPs. This exposure led to decreases in the activity of ammonia monooxygenase (25.2%) and nitrate reductase (11.9%) activity. The Field emission scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that ZnO-NPs were able to disrupt the cell membrane integrity and lead to cell/bacterial death via intracellular ROS generation which was confirmed by the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy analysis. After exposure to the NPs, the bacterial community composition shifted to one dominated by Gram-positive bacteria. The results of this study could help to develop environmental standards and regulations for NPs applications and emissions.     

Co-pyrolysis of oil sludge with hydrogen-rich plastics in a vertical stirring reactor: Kinetic analysis,emissions, and products

● Collaborative treatment of plastics and OS was established to improve oil quality. ● PE addition successfully improved OS pyrolysis process by deploying H/C_eff ratio. ● Higher H/C_eff ratio promoted cracking to obtain more gas and light oil fractions. ● The degradation of PE and OS was promoted each other under their temperature range. Pyrolysis is an effective method to treat oily sludge (OS) due to its balance between oil recovery and nonhazardous disposal. However, tank bottom OS contains a high content of heavy fractions, which creates obstacles for pyrolysis due to the high activation energy. The incomplete cracking of macromolecules and secondary polymerization decreases the oil quality and causes coking during the operation process. This study introduced polyethylene (PE) into OS to deploy the H/C_eff ratio of feedstocks for pyrolysis. A strong interaction between OS and PE during copyrolysis could be observed from the TG/DTG curves. PE tightly participated in OS degradation, while OS also promoted PE degradation at high temperature. Apparent pits were generated in solid residues from copyrolysis, which was attributed to the uniform and violent gas release. In addition to HCN, other nitrogenous and sulphurous pollutants were inhibited. Accordingly, more gas products were attained after PE addition with more value-added compositions of alkanes and alkenes. Although the oil yield decreased after PE addition, the oil products from copyrolysis possessed higher heating values and higher contents of light fractions with short chains as well as paraffins. Consequently, copyrolysis of OS and PE significantly improved the pyrolysis process and resulted in high oil quality.     

Techno-economic characteristics of wastewater treatment plants retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge process to the membrane bioreactor process

• Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased effluent quality and environmental benefits. • Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased energy consumption but not operating cost. • Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased the net profit and cost efficiency. • The advantage of MBR is related to the adopted effluent standard. • The techno-economy of MBR improves with stricter effluent standards. While a growing number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are being retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process to the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, the debate on the techno-economy of MBR vs. CAS has continued and calls for a thorough assessment based on techno-economic valuation. In this study, we analyzed the operating data of 20 large-scale WWTPs (capacity≥10000 m³/d) and compared their techno-economy before and after the retrofitting from CAS to MBR. Through cost-benefit analysis, we evaluated the net profit by subtracting the operating cost from the environmental benefit (estimated by the shadow price of pollutant removal and water reclamation). After the retrofitting, the removal rate of pollutants increased (e.g., from 89.0% to 93.3% on average for NH₃-N), the average energy consumption increased from 0.40 to 0.57 kWh/m³, but the operating cost did not increase significantly. The average marginal environmental benefit increased remarkably (from 0.47 to 0.66 CNY/g for NH₃-N removal), leading to an increase in the average net profit from 19.4 to 24.4 CNY/m³. We further scored the technical efficiencies via data envelopment analysis based on non-radial directional distance functions. After the retrofitting, the relative cost efficiency increased from 0.70 to 0.73 (the theoretical maximum is 1), while the relative energy efficiency did not change significantly. The techno-economy is closely related to the effluent standard adopted, particularly when truncating the extra benefit of pollutant removal beyond the standard in economic modeling. The modeling results suggested that MBR is more profitable than CAS given stricter effluent standards.     

New insights into different surfactants’ impacts on sludge fermentation: Focusing on the particular metabolic processes and microbial genetic traits

• The promoting effects for VFA generation follow the order of APG>SDBS>HTAB. • Surfactants improve the WAS solubilization/hydrolysis and acidification processes. • The VFA promotion is associated with surfactants’ distinctive characteristics. • Surfactants induce the enrichment of functional bacteria for VFA biosynthesis. • The vital genes for substrates delivery, metabolism, and VFA yields are upregulated. Surfactants were expected to exhibit positive effects on the waste activated sludge (WAS) disposal. However, the systematic comparison of different categories of surfactants on the WAS fermentation and the functional mechanisms, especially microbial metabolic traits, have not yet been precisely explored. This study revealed the positive effects of different surfactants on the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, which followed the order of alkyl polysaccharides (APG)>sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)>hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB). Mechanistic exploration found that the presence of different surfactants improved solubilization and hydrolysis steps, and then contributed to the subsequent acidification with different efficiencies. The functional microorganisms associated with VFA generation were enriched in surfactant-conditioned reactors. Metagenomic analysis further indicated that the key genes involved in the particular process of VFA generation were over-expressed. The simultaneous bioavailable substrate improvement, functional bacterial enrichment, and metabolic activity upregulation induced by different surfactants jointly contributed to VFA promotion during WAS fermentation. This study could provide a comprehensive realization of surfactants’ impacts on the WAS fermentation process, and more importantly, it reminded the public to discern the distinct interplaying effects induced by different chemicals in regulating the WAS disposal and resource recovery.     

酸化大豆蛋白废水的厌氧处理

对有机质浓度高,成分单一,蛋白质、总氮浓度较高,易酸化,且已酸化程度较高的大豆蛋白废水,确定以新型内循环厌氧反应池为主的处理工艺,在原废水ρ(COD)为11809~15040mg/L时,总出水浓度192~350mg/L,去除率达到96.2%~97.5%。新的内循环厌氧反应池具有高度小、结构简单、污染物去除率高的特征,COD运行负荷达6.0~7.5kg/(m3.d),COD去除率达88%~93%。当COD运行负荷5.0~7.0kg/(m3.d)时,该池内循环管道形成了连续的较强内回流。     

基于微波辐射研究城市污水污泥脱水特性

选用沈阳市仙女河污水处理厂和北部污水处理厂污水污泥作为微波脱水试验物料,分析物料性质、辐射强度、辐射时间以及添加剂投入量等对污泥脱水率和有机质损失率的影响. 结果表明:污泥中水分含量高的脱水效果最好,经过微波处理后的污泥有机质含量仍较高;辐射时间是最主要的影响因素,在540 W下辐射2～5 min即可达到良好效果;在合适的辐射时间下540～900 W都能达到良好的脱水效果,但在900 W时有机质的损失率较大,达到65.64%;添加剂投入量对污泥脱水基本不起作用,但可改变污泥微波干燥后的性状. 同时,运用灰色关联分析得到决定微波试验运行系统的主次因素,最后建立了影响因素对污泥脱水率和有机质损失率的经验公式.