秦皇岛沿海地下水脆弱性评价

在介绍地下水脆弱性及其评价方法的基础上，分析了秦皇岛沿海地区地下水脆弱性的影响因素。应用DRASTIC方法与GIS技术耦合的模型，对该区地下水脆弱性进行评价，并进行了脆弱性分区。     

Regional Assessment of Nutrient and Pesticide Leaching in the Vegetable Production Area of Rattaphum Catchment, Thailand

Regional groundwater vulnerability maps to indicate the impact of leaching of chemicals under different management scenarios were prepared for the Rattaphum Catchment using several leaching models and GIS techniques. The Attenuation Factor (AF) model was used to simulate the leaching potential of several pesticides for selected soils in the catchment under different rates of recharge from irrigation. The LEACHN model was used to simulate the NO₃ ⁻ leaching potential and LEACHP was used to simulate leaching potential of metolachlor under different management scenarios. The results showed that only a small number of pesticides have the potential to contaminate the shallow groundwater. However, the risk of contamination with nutrients is much higher due to the mobility and conservative nature of the NO₃ ⁻. The LEACHP results indicated that the intensive use of agrochemicals in the vegetable growing area, especially during the rainy season when the groundwater is near the surface, increases the risk of pesticide contamination. The results of upscaling from the farm to the catchment scale using soil maps and GIS techniques under various management scenarios and chemical application rates showed that the most effective strategy to reduce chemical leaching is by reducing pesticide application rates and optimizing the application of irrigation water. The identification of potential high risk farms by ranking soils and agricultural practices could be used to formulate management practices that reduce pesticide contamination of the surface and ground water resources in the area.     

江苏盐城地区地下水水化学特征及形成机理

为了查明江苏盐城地区深层地下水咸化的主要影响因素,采集了不同类型水样(河水、浅层地下水、深层地下水和海水),通过对该地区不同水体的水化学特征、离子比值以及氘氧氚同位素组成进行分析,研究了盐城地区深层地下水水化学特征的形成机理。结果表明:浅层微咸水主要是溶解地层盐分和蒸发作用形成,而滨海港镇的部分地区受到一定程度的现代海水入侵影响。深层地下水总体为淡水,水化学演化以正常的水-岩作用为主,而深层微咸水主要分布在两个地区,一是东部滨海地区的灌河口至大丰一带,二是内陆地区的大丰市及其周边一带。滨海地区的深层微咸水主要是淋滤古海相地层盐分形成,黄沙港镇部分地区则受到轻微的现代海水入侵影响,而内陆地区的深层微咸水主要是浅层咸水下渗造成的。因此,盐城东部沿海矿化度增高的区域应大力加强对地下水的保护,特别是随着全球变暖,黄海海平面有上升的趋势,东部的滨海港镇等受海水入侵影响较大的区域更应引起高度重视。     

近20年全球农业生产对地下水影响研究的热点与趋势

全球地下水开采总量的90%以上都被用于农业生产,地下水资源已成为事关全球粮食安全的重要战略资源。因此,明确全球农业生产对地下水影响研究的热点演进过程与未来趋势,对于灌溉农业的可持续发展和地下水资源的保护与利用具有重要意义。基于中国知网（CNKI）核心期刊数据库和Web of Science（WoS）数据库,通过可视化文献分析工具CiteSpace,对2000—2020年全球范围内农业生产对地下水影响研究领域的相关文献进行分析,总结该领域近20年的研究进展、研究热点和发展趋势。结果显示：在农业生产对地下水影响的研究中,CNKI和WoS发文量平均增速分别为1.45和53.7篇/a,美国和中国是该研究领域发文的主导国家,其发文量分别占总发文量的24.94%和15.70%;在全球各大研究机构中,中国科学院是该领域最具国际影响力的研究机构;农业面源污染和地下水健康风险评价是当前全球在该领域中的研究热点,并在人口激增、水资源匮乏、粮食短缺等以及全球气候变化的背景下将继续保持一定的热度;地下水超采是农业生产对地下水影响领域中重要的研究主题,Scanlon和Taylor等专家的高被引文章在该领域影响力较大。

     

COMBINED SURFACE WATER-GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS WITH THE AID OF THE HYBRID COMPUTER1

The solution with the aid of the hybrid computer of the partial and total differential equations for an integrated surface water groundwater system is described. A versatile computing technique has been developed to make a rapid and accurate study of the groundwater response due to varying inputs (deep percolation) or outputs (evapotranspiration) from the groundwater system. Spatial variations in basic vegetation phenomena, such as pattern, and hydrological parameters, are represented by means of a grid network which also allows the input of variable boundary conditions. The model is applied to an area in Columbia, South America which is subject to high water-table conditions. Various reclamation schemes and management practices under conditions of irrigated agriculture are assessed.     

载铁活性炭烧结滤芯的制备及其除砷性能

为实现高砷地下水分布区居民饮用水高效除砷,通过氧化法对椰壳活性炭进行载铁改性处理,采用成型活性炭烧结加工工艺,制备高效除砷滤芯。结果表明：所制得的长度为25.4 cm的除砷滤芯可将初始浓度为500 μg·L^-1的高砷水,以1 L·min^-1的流量过滤处理为砷含量在10 μg·L^-1以下的安全饮用水,使用寿命达260 L,相对于普通活性炭烧结滤芯,使用寿命提高了4倍;通过SEM和EDS分析,改性处理后的活性炭表面负载了铁的氧化物,导致其对砷的吸附能力提高了50%;同时滤芯加工过程中的高压处理使得载铁活性炭颗粒之间呈片状紧密堆叠在一起,含砷溶液透过致密活性炭层中的5~20 μm孔隙时,溶液中的砷与活性炭及铁的氧化物接触而被吸附去除。该滤芯可应用于高砷地下水分布区居民家庭分散式净水除砷。     

造纸尾水对芦苇生长和生态环境的影响

通过造纸尾水灌溉海涂苇田的盆栽实验和苇地田间实验,考察了造纸尾水对芦苇生长及生态环境的影响.监测结果表明,用造纸尾水灌溉苇田,不仅可以提高芦苇的产量和质量,还可以改良土壤,此方法对周围生态环境无负面影响.     

Effects of interactions between anthropogenic stressors and recurring perturbations on ecosystem resilience and collapse

Insights into declines in ecosystem resilience and their causes and effects can inform preemptive action to avoid ecosystem collapse and loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Empirical studies of ecosystem collapse are rare and hampered by ecosystem complexity, nonlinear and lagged responses, and interactions across scales. We investigated how an anthropogenic stressor could diminish ecosystem resilience to a recurring perturbation by altering a critical ecosystem driver. We studied groundwater-dependent, peat-accumulating, fire-prone wetlands known as upland swamps in southeastern Australia. We hypothesized that underground mining (stressor) reduces resilience of these wetlands to landscape fires (perturbation) by diminishing groundwater, a key ecosystem driver. We monitored soil moisture as an indicator of ecosystem resilience during and after underground mining. After landscape fire, we compared responses of multiple state variables representing ecosystem structure, composition, and function in swamps within the mining footprint with unmined reference swamps. Soil moisture declined without recovery in swamps with mine subsidence (i.e., undermined), but was maintained in reference swamps over 8 years (effect size 1.8). Relative to burned reference swamps, burned undermined swamps showed greater loss of peat via substrate combustion; reduced cover, height, and biomass of regenerating vegetation; reduced postfire plant species richness and abundance; altered plant species composition; increased mortality rates of woody plants; reduced postfire seedling recruitment; and extirpation of a hydrophilic animal. Undermined swamps therefore showed strong symptoms of postfire ecosystem collapse, whereas reference swamps regenerated vigorously. We found that an anthropogenic stressor diminished the resilience of an ecosystem to recurring perturbations, predisposing it to collapse. Avoidance of ecosystem collapse hinges on early diagnosis of mechanisms and preventative risk reduction. It may be possible to delay or ameliorate symptoms of collapse or to restore resilience, but the latter appears unlikely in our study system due to fundamental alteration of a critical ecosystem driver. Efectos de las interacciones entre los estresantes antropogénicos y las perturbaciones recurrentes sobre la resiliencia y el colapso de los ecosistemas     

华北平原典型城市(石家庄)地下水重金属污染源解析与健康风险评价

地下水重金属污染已引起全球的广泛关注,重金属来源解析及其健康风险评估将为地下水中重金属污染的精准防控提供数据和方法支撑.因此,选取华北平原典型城市——石家庄作为研究区,筛选20个样点,利用APCS-MLR模型和健康风险模型解析评估了石家庄市地下水中10种重金属的污染源及其健康风险.结果表明：①石家庄市地下水中典型重金属的浓度均值排序为：Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Al>Pb>Cr>As>Cd>Hg,其中ρ（Fe）和ρ（Pb）的均值分别为260.3 μg ·L^-1和10.01 μg ·L^-1;根据单因子和内梅罗指数,Pb、Fe和Cd是石家庄市地下水主要的污染重金属;②重金属浓度范围为47.30~2560 μg ·L^-1;就空间分布而言,重金属浓度在S3处最高（2560 μg ·L^-1）,而在S9处最低（47.30 μg ·L^-1）;③污染源解析结果表明：工农业活动、交通排放和地质背景是石家庄市地下水中重金属的3个主要来源,其中工农业活动对重金属的累积贡献率最大（47.83%）;④除工农业活动来源的重金属对成人造成潜在威胁（HI>1）外,其余来源的重金属对成人和儿童造成的非致癌风险均处于可接受水平（HI<1）,而致癌风险对成人和儿童均存在潜在威胁;工农业活动是非致癌风险（成人：52.46%,儿童：52.45%）和致癌风险（成人：65.22%,儿童：65.69%）的主要贡献者,其中Cd和As的致癌风险较高.因此,为了保障石家庄地下水环境安全,需严格控制污染来源,进一步加强地下水中重金属污染的风险管控.     

场地参数对地下水污染物健康风险评价影响的初步研究

通过单变量分析,考察含水率、容重和地下水埋深对挥发性有机污染物风险控制值的影响,结果表明土壤含水率、土壤容重和地下水埋深与风险控制值为正相关关系,土壤含水率和容重在超过某一阈值后,微小变化会使风险控制值产生较大的波动,因此建议在实际调查过程中提高水文地质勘察取样和测试质量,获得高代表性的数据,减少风险控制值的不确定性。