灰色关联度分析在地下水污染源强定量评价中的应用

以氨氮为研究对象,利用HYDRUS-1D软件模拟多个污染场地氨氮质量浓度的折减系数,通过灰色关联度法分析折减系数与场地污染源、包气带特征指标之间的关联程度.依据关联度计算结果,建立了以主要特征指标为自变量、折减系数为因变量的多元线性回归方程,综合反映包气带对某一特征污染物的衰减能力.案例研究结果表明,在典型场地资料有限的前提下,该方法能快速有效地得到地下水中的氨氮质量浓度预测值,并保证计算误差在统计学标准范围内.     

Wind‐Powered Desalination: An Estimate of Saline Groundwater in the United States1

James Androwski, Abraham Springer, Thomas Acker, and Mark Manone, 2011. Wind‐Powered Desalination: An Estimate of Saline Groundwater in the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):93‐102. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00493.x Abstract: Increasing scarcity of freshwater resources in many regions of the world is leading water resource managers to consider desalination as a potential alternative to traditional freshwater supplies. Desalination technologies are energy intensive and expensive to implement making desalination using renewable energy resources a potentially attractive option. Unfortunately, saline groundwater resources are not well characterized for many regions hindering consideration of such technologies. In this assessment, we estimate the saline groundwater resources of the principal aquifers of the United States using a geographic information system and correlate these resources to wind resources potentially sufficient to supply the energy demand of desalination equipment. We estimate that 3.1 × 10¹⁴ m³ saline groundwater, total volume, are contained in 28 of the country’s principal aquifers known to contain saline groundwater. Of this volume, 1.4 × 10¹⁴ m³ saline groundwater are co‐located with wind resources sufficient for electrical generation to desalinate groundwater.     

The Role of Headwater Wetlands in Altering Streamflow and Chemistry in a Maine,USA Catchment1

Morley, Terry R., Andrew S. Reeve, and Aram J.K. Calhoun, 2011. The Role of Headwater Wetlands in Altering Streamflow and Chemistry in a Maine, USA Catchment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00519.x Abstract: Headwater wetlands, including hillside seeps, may contribute to downstream systems disproportionately to their relatively small size. We quantified the hydrology and chemistry of headwater wetlands in a central Maine, USA, catchment from 2003 to 2005 to determine their role in maintaining headwater streamflow and in affecting stream chemistry. A few of these headwater wetlands, commonly referred to as “seeps,” were characterized by relatively high groundwater discharge. During summer base flow, seeps were the primary source of surface water to the stream, contributing between 40 and 80% of stream water. Comparisons of groundwater and surface water dominant ion chemistry revealed only slight differences at the bedrock interface; however, significant changes occurred at the shallow groundwater‐surface water interface where we found decreases in total and individual cation concentrations with decreasing depth. Seep outflows significantly increased total cation and calcium concentrations in streams. Outflows at two seeps produced relatively high nitrate concentrations (88 ± 15 and 93 ± 15 μg/l respectively), yet did not correspond to higher nitrate in stream water below seep outflows (2 ± 1 μg/l). We demonstrate that small wetlands (< 1,335 m²) can contribute to headwater stream processes by linking groundwater and surface‐water systems, increasing the duration and magnitude of stream discharge, and by affecting stream chemistry, particularly during periods of base flow.     

Comparison of Aquifer Sustainability Under Groundwater Administrations in Oklahoma and Texas1

Mittelstet, Aaron R., Michael D. Smolen, Garey A. Fox, and Damian C. Adams, 2011. Comparison of Aquifer Sustainability Under Groundwater Administrations in Oklahoma and Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00524.x Abstract: We compared two approaches to administration of groundwater law on a hydrologic model of the North Canadian River, an alluvial aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma. Oklahoma limits pumping rates to retain 50% aquifer saturated thickness after 20 years of groundwater use. The Texas Panhandle Groundwater Conservation District’s (GCD) rules limit pumping to a rate that consumes no more than 50% of saturated thickness in 50 years, with reevaluation and readjustment of permits every 5 years. Using a hydrologic model (MODFLOW), we simulated river‐groundwater interaction and aquifer dynamics under increasing levels of “development” (i.e., increasing groundwater withdrawals). Oklahoma’s approach initially would limit groundwater extraction more than the GCD approach, but the GCD approach would be more protective in the long run. Under Oklahoma rules more than half of aquifer storage would be depleted when development reaches 65%. Reevaluation of permits under the Texas Panhandle GCD approach would severely limit pumping as the 50% level is approached. Both Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle GCD approaches would deplete alluvial base flow at approximately 10% development. Results suggest periodic review of permits could protect aquifer storage and river base flow. Modeling total aquifer storage is more sensitive to recharge rate and aquifer hydraulic conductivity than to specific yield, while river leakage is most sensitive to aquifer hydraulic conductivity followed by specific yield.     

甲基叔丁基醚在地下水系统中的自然衰减

地下水中的甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）自然衰减是生物与非生物过程综合作用的结果。在厌氧条件下,MTBE的同位素方面的证据表明：挥发、吸附和稀释等非生物过程中MTBE自然衰减的主要作用。在实际工作中,应结合当地水文地质条件,从主要环境因子来分析MTBE的自然衰减,从而判定MTBE自然衰减的速率和程度。在进行地下水中MTBE自然衰减研究时,应加强对于能反映MTBE自然衰减的＂印迹＂的研究。对这些＂印迹＂的确定将为野外监测MTBE的自然衰减提供理论上的依据。     

塔里木河中游水盐梯度下的物种多样性研究

根据塔里木河中游5个断面30眼地下水监测井和30个植物样地2006—2008年调查监测的数据,分析了输水堤防修建后地下水埋深、地下水质以及物种多样性的变化及其相互关系。结果表明:地下水埋深的空间变化表现为沿河道方向先增加后减小的趋势,在时间上则表现为,从2006年到2008年埋深呈逐渐增加的特点;地下水化学类型的变化,在空间上表现出沿着河道方向有由Cl-—SO42-—Na+—Mg2+向Cl-—Na+类型转变的趋势,在时间上,地下水矿化度逐渐增加。物种多样性总体上呈现增加变化,地下水位和水质对塔里木河中游物种多样性变化有着密切的关系,地下水埋深2.8~3.7 m,矿化度1.8~2.4 g·L-1水平下的多样性较高,随着地下水埋深的增大和矿化度的升高,物种多样性水平降低。     

利用氮、氧稳定同位素识别地下水硝酸盐污染源研究进展

氮污染特别是地下水硝酸盐污染已成为一个相当普遍而重要的环境问题。地下水硝酸盐污染与人类健康和环境安全密切相关。为控制地下水硝酸盐污染,最根本的解决办法就是找到硝酸盐的来源,减少硝态氮向地下水的输送。由于不同来源的硝酸盐具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,人们利用NO3-中δ15N和δ18O开展了硝酸盐污染源识别研究。本文综述了利用氮、氧同位素识别地下水硝酸盐污染源及定量硝酸盐污染源输入的研究进展及目前存在的问题,并提出几个值得重视的研究方向。     

S-NZVI/PS凝胶反应带修复硝基苯污染地下水

采用前置硫化法合成制备硫化纳米铁,研究其与过硫酸盐对硝基苯的联合降解效果,检测反应前后溶液中铁离子和TOC浓度变化,对反应前后的S-NZVI进行表征,分析S-NZVI和PS对NB的联合降解机制.以纳米硅胶溶液为胶结剂,以PS为活性成分,制备缓释PS溶胶,注入砂柱中扩散形成凝胶,与S-NZVI构成S-NZVI/PS组合反应带,研究其对模拟硝基苯污染地下水的原位修复效果.结果表明,S-NZVI能够高效去除NB并生成大量苯胺（AN）,S-NZVI被PS氧化产生的Fe²⁺与PS组成活化过硫酸盐,对AN具有较好的降解和矿化效果.当NB浓度为100mg/L、S-NZVI和PS的投加量分别为0.5,2.5g/L时,NB去除率达91%,AN出水浓度为1.96mg/L,TOC去除率达64.09%.反应后S-NZVI的主要铁氧化产物为Fe₃O₄和FeO（OH）.反应带实验结果表明,S-NZVI/PS组合反应带可有效去除地下水的NB并高效消减NB还原产生的AN,当进水中NB浓度为100mg/L,流量为0.4mL/min,注入S-NZVI含量为1200mg/L的浆液200mL,二氧化硅含量为30%、PS含量为12.5%的PS凝胶4.8g时,S-NZVI/PS组合反应带7d内对AN的去除率最高达97.6%,NB当量累计去除率为83.7%.     

典型岩溶水系统中溶解性有机质的运移特征

西南岩溶水系统中有机质和养分有独特的产生、分解和保存方式,了解有机质与养分循环耦合机制是恢复和优化调控这些脆弱生态系统退化的科学基础.以桂林寨底地下河系统为研究对象,对岩溶地下水的补给、径流、排泄过程中DOM的性质和行为变化进行示踪分析,为深刻认识岩溶地下水DOM的生物地球化学循环提供科学依据.结果表明共检验出3种DOM荧光组分,其中C1、C2为陆源输入的类腐殖质荧光有机物,C3则为内源类蛋白酪氨酸荧光有机物.DOM荧光组分以陆源类腐殖质荧光组分为主,反映了夏季丰水期外源输入对地下水系统DOM的重要贡献.与传统理化指标相比,岩溶地下水系统的DOM空间变化更加明显,也更能反映出地下水系统的细微变化.传统的理化指标主要反映地下河系统的区域特征,而DOM荧光组分则更多地反映了采样点的类型差异.     

地下水循环井技术修复硝基苯污染含水层效果模拟

实验在二维模拟槽中进行,以曝气前后地下水水位高度变化表征地下水循环强度,分析了地下水初始水位,曝气量和地下水初始流速对循环井运行的影响,并以得到的最佳运行参数进行硝基苯污染地下水修复效果模拟.结果表明,地下水初始水位45 cm,曝气量0.7 m3·h-1,地下水初始流速低于1.0 m·d-1时,循环井可以达到良好运行状态.硝基苯在地下水中的纵向迁移距离明显大于横向,泄漏第50 d时,平均浓度达到246.97 mg·L-1.循环井修复过程中,逐渐形成一个以循环井为中心的有机物高效修复区域.该区域内有机物被优先去除,浓度持续下降.高效修复区域外,存在过渡区域,该区域内有机物的浓度受有机物吸附/解吸和迁移性共同作用影响.整个修复过程中,硝基苯的浓度经历了快速下降-缓慢下降-浓度拖尾3个阶段,累计曝气14 h后,硝基苯的平均浓度下降至71.19 mg·L-1,残留的硝基苯分布在远离循环井的区域.由此可见,地下水循环井技术能够较好地修复硝基苯污染的地下水,修复过程存在最佳运行条件及最适修复时间.