铝及铝合金在自然水环境中的腐蚀行为对比研究

目的 分析研究铝及铝合金在自然水环境中的腐蚀行为。方法 通过开展LM3纯铝、5083铝、LF6M去包铝及带包铝在淡海水交替、海水及淡水自然环境下2 a的暴露试验,将3种环境下材料的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率进行对比。总结4种铝及铝合金材料在不同水环境下的腐蚀规律,对其腐蚀机理进行简要的探讨,并对其长周期的腐蚀行为进行预测。结果 通过对4种材料局部腐蚀协同影响因子(b)的对比可以发现,淡水环境对LM3纯铝局部腐蚀的影响最大,淡海水环境对5083铝合金局部腐蚀影响最大,淡水及淡海水环境对2种LF6M铝合金材料局部腐蚀的影响都很大。结论 5083、LF6M带包铝及去包铝,在淡海水交替自然环境下的耐蚀性能最差,LM3纯铝在淡水环境下耐蚀性能最差。     

高地下水位地区透水停车场的水文控制效果

为确定高地下水位地区透水铺装对路面径流的水文控制效果,在上海市区建造了4个实验性透水铺装单元与1个不透水铺装对照,其中3个为设有防水衬底的不透型设施分别为透水混凝土铺装(设施Ⅰ)、水泥稳定碎石基层/缝隙透水砖面层(设施Ⅱ)、碎石基层/缝隙透水砖面层(设施Ⅲ),1个普通缝隙透水砖铺装(设施Ⅳ),以及1个不透水混凝土对照(设施0).历时1年监测了实际降雨条件下4种实验设施的表面径流、排水管出流流量及表面渗透速率,考察不同设施的径流总量削减率、峰值削减及峰现延迟能力.结果表明,缝隙透水砖面层的表面稳定渗透速率明显小于透水混凝土面层,使用1年后,2种面层表面稳定渗透速率均明显下降;4种设施的表面产流均无显著差异;3种不透型设施的就地消纳水量能力均较弱,年径流总量控制率分别为24.2%、28.5%、28.4%,排水管不发生出流的控制降雨量分别为5.2 mm、7.8 mm、7.8 mm;设施Ⅰ的峰值削减与峰现延迟效果弱于设施Ⅱ及设施Ⅲ,且3种设施的峰值削减率和峰现延迟时间与降雨强度呈现显著负相关性.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

CO2/pH对三种藻生长及光合作用的影响

研究了在不同pH值和不同溶解性无机碳(DIC)浓度下太湖中惠氏微囊藻、四尾栅藻和菱形藻的生长和光合作用特征.研究表明, CO2/pH对3种藻的影响明显不同.惠氏微囊藻生长的最适pH值为8.0～9.0,pH7.0～9.0时具有较高的光合作用速率;四尾栅藻在偏酸性和偏碱性环境水体中均能较好生长,在本实验的pH值范围内均具有较高的光合作用速率;四尾栅藻在偏酸性和偏碱性环境水体中均能较好生长,在本实验的pH值范围内都具有较高的光合作用速率;菱形藻生长的最适pH值为7.0左右,在此pH值下光合作用速率也最高.惠氏微囊藻的K0.5(DIC)略小于四尾栅藻和菱形藻,表明对外源无机碳的亲合力要略大于四尾栅藻和菱形藻;但当DIC浓度达到饱和时,惠氏微囊藻和四尾栅藻的最大光合作用速率要远大于菱形藻.     

南宁市老城区降雨径流溯源及污染特征分析

降雨径流是城市河道污染的重要来源之一.为了解降雨径流的污染特征,对南宁市老城区进行降雨径流同步采样监测,分析不同降雨条件下不同下垫面污染状况、初期冲刷效应及污染贡献比等特征,探讨了径流污染初期冲刷计算方法及影响因素分析,并根据老城区菜市场下垫面讨论降雨径流下垫面选取标准与必要性.结果表明,南宁市老城区径流污染中,道路及...     

浅析木制品加工对环境的影响

我国森林覆盖率为16.55％,人均森林面积约为世界平均水平的1/5,为少林国家。而现有木材加工企业利用率不高,加之木制品的大量出口,使森林遭到更大破坏。应采取提高木材综合利用率水平、培育速生丰产林种、以竹代木、调整林产企业产业结构等措施减小对环境的不良影响。     

成都颗粒物吸湿增长特征及订正方法研究

利用2013年6月—2014年5月成都市人民南路四段逐时PM_(2.5)质量浓度、大气能见度监测资料及同期温江站相对湿度观测数据,分析了该区域相对湿度对大气消光系数的影响,探讨了消光系数湿度订正方法的原理和技术流程.结果表明:针对细颗粒物而言,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数在相对湿度为40%时存在突变(通过了α=0.05的信度检验),当相对湿度小于40%时,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数呈现平稳波动的特征;而当相对湿度介于40%~90%时,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数增长趋势明显;现有的湿度订正方法未能在成都地区起到相应的订正效果;单位质量“湿”消光系数直观上表现为非平稳随机序列,基于单位质量“湿”消光系数和单位质量“干”消光系数在统计意义下应具有一致性的原则,从不确定性分析的角度提出了消光系数湿度订正的新方法,取得了令人满意的结果.     

Cr3+掺杂对TiO2薄膜光催化活性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2粉末和以釉面瓷砖为载体的TiO2薄膜,讨论了不同Cr3+掺杂浓度对TiO2光催化活性的影响,并采用UVVIS对其光学性能进行了检测.结果表明,Cr3+掺杂和釉面瓷砖的交互作用能够显著提高TiO2薄膜的光催化活性,最佳掺杂浓度为6.04×1017个·cm-3,且随着TiO2光催化活性的提高,薄膜的吸收带边发生了明显的红移,提高了可见光的利用率.     

Effect of substituents in hydroxyl radical-mediated degradation of azo pyridone dyes: Theoretical approaches on the reaction mechanism

Understanding the degradation behavior of azo dyes in photocatalytic wastewater treatment is of fundamental and practical importance for their application in textile-processing and other coloration industries. In this study, quantum chemistry, as density functional theory, was used to elucidate different degradation pathways of azo pyridone dyes in a hydroxyl radical (HO^?)-initiated photocatalytic system. A series of substituted azo pyridone dyes were synthesized by changing the substituent group in the para position of the benzene moiety, ranging from strong electron-donating to strong electron-withdrawing groups. The effect of dye molecular structure on the photocatalytic degradation reaction mechanism was analyzed and quantification of substituent effects on the thermodynamic and kinetics parameters was performed. Potential energy surface analysis revealed the most susceptible reaction site for the HO^? attack. The calculated reaction barriers are found to be strongly affected by the nature of substituent group with a good correlation using Hammett σ_p constants and experimentally determined reaction rates. The stability of pre-reaction complexes and transition state complexes were analyzed applying the distortion-interaction model. The increased stability of the transition state complexes with the distancing from the substituent group has been established.     

成都市冬季大气消光系数及其组成的特征研究

由于气溶胶吸湿增长的复杂性和不确定性,大气消光的演化机理至今尚不十分清晰.为此,利用成都市2017年12月浊度仪和黑碳仪的逐时观测资料,结合同时次的环境气象监测数据,系统研究了该区域冬季对应550 nm大气消光系数及其组成的特征.结果表明:①观测期间大气消光系数为(1173.42±641.21) Mm~(-1),其中"干"气溶胶散射系数、"干"气溶胶吸收系数、干洁大气散射系数、气态污染物吸收系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数对其平均贡献率分别是53.02%、6.54%、1.50%、1.65%和37.29%.②大气消光系数、"干"气溶胶散射系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数的日变化为"单峰单谷型",而"干"气溶胶吸收系数和气态污染物吸收系数的日变化则分别表现为"单谷型"和"双峰双谷型".③明确了单位质量大气消光系数及其组成随相对湿度的变化特征,并就其各自成因进行了分析.