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41.
Steven L. Serns 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1977,13(1):71-80
ABSTRACT: A 0.31-ha pond was treated with 5.0 mg/l dipotassium endothall on May 31, 1973, and the effects of this treatment on the rooted aquatics, on bluegill reproduction, survival, and growth, and on the buildup of endothall residues in bluegill flesh was investigated. The treatment eliminated Myriophyllum exalbescens, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus, and Anacharis canadenis during the first season, however, all but C. demersum became reestablished the following year. Little endothall was incorporated into edible bluegill flesh. The dipotassium endothall did not affect the number of young-of-the-year (YOY) bluegills produced by the original adult stocking during the year of treatment and the year following treatment and did not affect the reproduction of first generation bluegills. The survival of adult and first generation bluegills was not affected by the herbicide. Bluegills were slower growing in the treatment than the control pond, when similar densities were present in each pond. It is not known whether this was due to some unknown effect of the dipotassium endothall or to other factors. 相似文献
42.
Characterization of a strain of Sphingobacterium sp. and its degradation to herbicide mefenacet 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
A bacterium(designated strain YI) degrading acetanilide herbicide mefenacet was isolated from aerobic sludge. Based on the analyses of partial 16S rRNA gene, cellular fatty acid and BIOLOG-GN, and general physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain Y1 was identified as Sphingobacterium multivolum. Strain Y1 was able to degrade mefenacet used as sources of carbon and energy. Degradation of mefenacet was accompanied by producing the metabolites N-methylaniline and an unidentified compound with molecular weight 205, indicating a metabolic pathway of mefenacet initiated bv hvdrolvsis of amido bond. 相似文献
43.
44.
Jose L. Marco-Brown Eric M. Gaigneaux Rosa M. Torres Sánchez María dos Santos Afonso 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2019,54(4):281-289
The picloram (PCM) adsorption on nontronite, illite and kaolinite was studied at pH 3, 5 and 7. The adsorption isotherms had well-fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models equations. The interactions of PCM with the clay mineral surfaces exhibited an anionic profile adsorption, with a decrease in adsorption when the pH increases. The PCM adsorption capacity increases in the following order: kaolinite?<?illite?<?nontronite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of PCM-clay samples revealed that the picloram molecule does not enter into the clays basal space. The interaction of PCM with clays surface sites through nitrogen of the pyridine ring was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Due to the anionic form of PCM, the adsorption onto the external and edges surface sites of the clay minerals was proposed. 相似文献
45.
Joseph Sherma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):557-568
Techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites and other related compounds are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2008 to November 1, 2010. Analyses are described for a variety of samples types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure-retention relationships, identification and characterization of plant pesticides and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, degradation, mobility, identification of biomarkers for detection of herbicide effects in plants, and lipophilicity are covered. 相似文献
46.
B. Prado N. Verhulst B. Govaerts F. De León O. Zamora 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(11):844-855
Agricultural management affects the movement of atrazine in soil and leaching to groundwater. The objective of this study was to determine atrazine adsorption in a soil after 20 years of atrazine application under agronomic management practices differing in tillage practice (conventional and zero tillage), residue management (with and without residue retention) and crop rotation (wheat-maize rotation and maize monoculture). Atrazine sorption was determined using batch and column experiments. In the batch experiment, the highest distribution coefficient Kd (1.1 L kg?1) at 0–10 cm soil depth was observed under zero tillage, crop rotation and residue retention (conservation agriculture). The key factor in adsorption was soil organic matter content and type. This was confirmed in the column experiment, in which the highest Kd values were observed in treatments with residue retention, under either zero or conventional tillage (0.81 and 0.68 L kg?1, respectively). Under zero tillage, the fact that there was no soil movement helped to increase the Kd. The increased soil organic matter content with conservation agriculture may be more important than preferential flow due to higher pore connectivity in the same system. The soil's capacity to adsorb 2-hydroxyatrazine (HA), an important atrazine metabolite, was more important than its capacity to adsorb atrazine, and was similar under all four management practices (Kd ranged from 30 to 40 L kg?1). The HA adsorption was attributed to the type and amount of clay in the soil, which is unaffected by agronomic management. Soils under conservation agriculture had higher atrazine retention potential than soils under conventional tillage, the system that predominates in the study area. 相似文献
47.
Abdel‐Rahman G. Abdel‐Rahman R. Don Wauchope Clint C. Truman Clyde C. Dowler 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):381-396
Abstract Rainfall simulation was used with small packed boxes of soil to compare runoff of herbicides applied by conventional spray and injection into sprinkler‐irrigation (chemigation), under severe rainfall conditions. It was hypothesized that the larger water volumes used in chemigation would leach some of the chemicals out of the soil surface rainfall interaction zone, and thus reduce the amounts of herbicides available for runoff. A 47‐mm rain falling in a 2‐hour event 24 hours after application of alachlor (2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)‐acetamide) and atrazine (6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine) was simulated. The design of the boxes allowed a measurement of pesticide concentrations in splash water throughout the rainfall event. Initial atrazine concentrations exceeding its’ solubility were observed. When the herbicides were applied in 64000 L/ha of water (simulating chemigation in 6.4 mm irrigation water) to the surface of a Tifton loamy sand, subsequent herbicide losses in runoff water were decreased by 90% for atrazine and 91% for alachlor, as compared to losses from applications in typical carrier water volumes of 187 L/ha. However, this difference was not due to an herbicide leaching effect but to a 96% decrease in the amount of runoff from the chemigated plots. Only 0.3 mm of runoff occurred from the chemigated boxes while 7.4 mm runoff occurred from the conventionally‐treated boxes, even though antecedent moisture was higher in the former. Two possible explanations for this unexpected result are (a) increased aggregate stability in the more moist condition, leading to less surface sealing during subsequent rainfall, or (b) a hydrophobic effect in the drier boxes. In the majority of these pans herbicide loss was much less in runoff than in leachate water. Thus, in this soil, application of these herbicides by chemigation would decrease their potential for pollution only in situations where runoff is a greater potential threat than leaching. 相似文献
48.
Hua Fang Yun L. Yu Xiu G. Wang Xiao Q. Chu Xiao E. Yang 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):123-129
Effects of repeated applications of the herbicide butachlor (N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro -N-2′,6′-dimethyl acetanilide) in soil on its persistence and soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of butachlor at the recommended dosage in soil were calculated to be 12.5, 4.5, and 3.2 days for the first, second, and third applications, respectively. Throughout this study, no significant inhibition of the Shannon-Wiener index H′ was observed. However, the Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) during the initial 3 days after the first application of butachlor, and thereafter gradually recovered to a similar level to that of the control soil. A similar variation but faster recovery in 1/D and U was observed after the second and third Butachlor applications. Therefore, repeated applications of butachlor led to more rapid degradation of the herbicide, and more rapid recovery of soil microorganisms. It is concluded that repeated butachlor applications in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial communities. 相似文献
49.
Fabrícia Cristina Dos Reis Valdemar Luis Tornisielo João Batista Cason Ana Carolina Ribeiro Dias Melissa Freitas Jaime Felipe Sotomayor 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(10):727-733
To gain a better understanding of the physiology of the herbicide aminocyclopyrachlor in young plants of trumpet flower, the uptake and translocation were evaluated after the application of herbicide. This was determined by treating individual leaves with formulated herbicides plus 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor after the application of the formulated herbicide. This experiment used a randomized experimental design with three replications. In addition, field studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of foliar applications of aminocyclopyrachlor in association with metsulfuton-methyl. The plant absorbed 20% of the herbicide applied. The translocation percentage did not surpass 5% of the total amount applied. Only 1% of the herbicide applied was translocated to the roots. Rate of 40 + 13 g a.i. 100 L?1 of aminocyclopyrachlor+metsulfuron-methyl was effective to control T. stans. 相似文献
50.
采用O3/UV工艺预处理磺酰脲类除草剂生产废水,考察了初始pH值、臭氧投量、叔丁醇投加等因素对废水处理效果的影响,并初步探讨了该工艺处理废水的反应机理。实验结果表明,在废水初始pH为13.59和臭氧投量为65.08mg/min的条件下,预处理80min后废水COD去除率达63.47%,BOD5/COD由0.03提高至0.56,EC50从11%提高至55%。随着叔丁醇浓度的增加,废水COD去除率明显降低,证明该反应体系有·OH存在;体系中加入MnO2后废水COD去除率下降了16%,氧化效率明显下降,证明该反应体系内中间产物HO2O在O3/UV降解有机废水过程中起到了重要的作用。 相似文献