除草剂莠去津对长期定位施肥土壤中酶活性的影响

研究了除草剂莠去津对4种长期定位施肥处理土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶活性的影响．不同肥力处理的不施肥对照土壤、NPK肥土壤、NPK+秸秆和NPK+有机肥土壤中,4种酶受莠去津影响有明显差别．在莠去津处理初期,土壤中的脲酶活性受到不同程度地刺激作用,中期和后期土壤中的脲酶活性均受到抑制．其中NPK+有机肥土壤中的脲酶活性受到的抑制程度随着处理时间的延长而增加．在整个处理过程中NPK+秸秆土壤中的磷酸酶活性几乎不受莠去津抑制．其它3种土壤中的磷酸酶活性都不同程度地受到抑制,而且对照土壤受到的抑制程度最深．NPK土壤中的脱氢酶活性在处理初期受到刺激作用,中期和后期都受到抑制．其它3种土壤在处理初期和中期都受到抑制作用,但是后期抑制作用消失．NPK土壤和NPK+有机肥土壤中的蔗糖酶活性始终受到不同程度的激活,而且在处理后期激活作用加强．对照土壤中蔗糖酶受莠去津的影响较小,NPK+秸秆土壤中的蔗糖酶活性始终受到抑制作用．土壤中添加莠去津为5mg·kg-1时,处理16d的4种酶平均酶活性与不添加莠去津的土壤中平均酶活性没有显著差异．     

利用通用流失方程计算星云湖流域污染负荷

采用通用流失方程计算了星云湖流域的污染负荷 ,并将计算结果和实际调查结果进行了比较 ,二者的相对偏差在 8 2 %～ 19 6 %之间 ,认为在云南省高原湖泊的实际环境管理工作中 ,可以利用通用流失方程进行湖泊污染负荷量的计算 ,得到的结果基本是准确的     

磺酰脲类除草剂DPX—E9636的水解机理

对室温下ＤＰＸ－Ｅ９６３６的水解产物分离纯化后，运用元素分析，紫外光谱及＾１Ｈ核磁共振鉴定了主要产物的结构。产物为：１－（４，６－二甲氧基嘧啶基－２）－３（乙磺酰基－２－吡啶基）脲、Ｎ－（４，６－二甲氧基嘧啶基－２）－３－乙磺酰基－２－胺基吡啶、３－乙磺酰基－２－胺基吡啶及２－胺基－４，６－二甲氧基嘧啶，由此推测了ＤＰＸ－Ｅ９６３６的水解机理。     

Leaching of nitrogen in Swedish agriculture — a historical perspective

There is a need to examine long-term changes in nitrogen leaching from arable soils. The purpose of this study was to analyse variations in specific leaching rates (kg ha⁻¹ per year) and gross load (Mg per year) of N from arable land to watercourses in Sweden from a historical perspective. The start of the study was set to 1865 because information on crop distribution, yield and livestock has been compiled yearly since then. The SOIL/SOILN model was used to calculate nitrogen leaching. Calculations were done for cereals, grass and bare fallow for three different soil types in nine agricultural regions covering a range of climatic conditions. Results indicate that both specific leaching rates and gross load of nitrogen in the middle of 19th century were approximately the same as they are today for the whole of south and central Sweden. Three main explanations for this were (1) large areas of bare fallow typical for the farming practice at the time; (2) enhanced mineralisation from newly cultivated land; and (3) low yield . From 1865, i.e. the start of the calculations, N leaching rates decreased and were at their lowest around 1930. During the same period, gross load was also at its lowest despite the fact that the acreage of arable land was at its most extensive. After 1930, average leaching increased by 60% and gross load by 30%, both reaching a peak in the mid-1970s to be followed by a declining trend. The greatest increase in leaching was in regions where the increase in animal density was largest and these regions were also those where the natural conditions for leaching such as mild winters and coarse-textured soils were found. Extensive draining projects occurred during the period of investigation, in particular an intensive exploitation of lakes and wetlands. This caused a substantial drop in nitrogen retention and the probable increase in net load to the sea might thus have been more affected by this decrease in retention than the actual increase in gross load.     

富含黄铁矿的煤矸石中碳酸盐影响其风化淋溶性质的研究

富含黄铁矿的煤矸石在风化淋溶过程中，碳酸盐含量不仅控制其风化程度，而且控制淋溶液的酸度。风化淋溶实验结果表明，Ｆｅ的淋溶量主要受控于酸度，而Ｍｎ＾２＋与ＳＯ４＾２－的淋溶量主要取决于其风化程度。     

填埋场渗滤液水质变化预测模型实验研究

利用垃圾污染负荷浸出实验装置对下坪垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质变化规律进行了模拟研究。并利用实验数据通过指数回归法确定了渗滤液水质预测模型的有关参数。实验结果和现场监测数据表明,单批填埋垃圾渗滤液的浓度在垃圾填埋75d后达到最大值,COD最大可达31581mg/L。利用渗滤液水质预测模型计算表明,垃圾填埋90．9d后垃圾渗滤液COD达到最大值,模拟计算结果和现场监测数据符合较好,说明该模型以及通过污染负荷浸出实验得出的模型参数可以较准确地对填埋场渗滤液水质变化进行预测。     

Assessment of nitrogen leaching from arable land in large river basins: Part I. Simulation experiments using a process-based model

A two-step procedure for analysing nitrogen leaching from arable land in large river basins is suggested: (1) application of a process-based dynamic model for a set of representative conditions in a large river basin to simulate water and nitrogen fluxes and (2) development of a fuzzy-rule based metamodel using the simulated nitrogen fluxes in Step 1 as a training set. After that the metamodel can be used for rapid assessment of water quality inside the considered ranges of parameters, describing natural conditions and management practices. This paper describes Step 1 of the procedure. Step 2 is described in an accompanying paper (Haberlandt et al., Ecological Modelling 150 (3) (2002) 277–294). The advantage of this approach is that it combines the ‘process-based foundation’ with the resulting simplicity of the metamodel. Simulation experiments for analysing nitrogen (N) leaching from arable land were performed using the Soil and Water Integrated Model (SWIM) for a set of representative conditions in the Saale basin (23 687 km²) in Central Europe. The Saale River is one of the main tributaries of the Elbe. In advance, hydrological validation of the model was done for the whole Saale basin and validation of nitrogen dynamics was fulfilled in two mesoscale sub-basins of the Elbe. For the simulation experiments the drainage basin area was sub-divided into five climate zones and nine representative soil classes were chosen. The basic rotation and fertilisation schemes were established using regional information obtained from literature. In addition, the effects of changing the basic rotation to more/less intensive ones and changing fertilisation rates by 50% increase/decrease were studied. The ranges of simulated nitrogen fluxes for the basic rotation and fertilisation schemes are comparable to available regional estimates and differences between sub-regions and soils are plausible. The relative importance of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting nitrogen leaching for the Saale River basin was as follows: (1) soil, (2) climate, (3) fertilisation rate and (4) crop rotation. The simulation experiments provide a basis for a fuzzy-rule based metamodel approach, which aims at rapid water quality assessment of large regions.     

包膜控释和常用氮肥氮素淋溶特征及其对土水质量的影响

大量施用氮素化肥所引起的氮素损失和环境污染正日益受到重视。通过土柱模拟氮素养分的淋洗试验,探讨包膜控释氮肥和常用氮肥的氮素淋失特点及其对土壤和地下水质量的影响。研究结果表明,不同氮肥施入土壤后氮素的淋失率有着显著的差异,其中硝酸钾中氮素淋失率最高,其次为尿素,硫酸铵和碳铵的氮素淋失量明显较小。然而控释氮肥因其控制释放的特点,在氮素释放的高峰期,其模拟淋失量较高,但如果在田间条件下此释放高峰期与作物吸肥高峰期相吻合,则会显著地降低其淋失率。除尿素外,被淋失的氮素均以硝态氮为主,尿素则以酰胺分子态被淋溶。大量速效化肥的施入会形成土壤中的肥料"微域点",引起交换性Ca2+、Mg2+离子的淋失,从长远来看可引起土壤结构的破坏,而施用控释肥则很少形成这种"微域点",有利于土壤结构和肥力的维持。不同氮肥处理淋洗后对土壤pH值和有效氮含量变化的影响差异较大,其中以控释肥对土壤pH值变化的影响较小。大多数氮肥处理在淋洗后,土壤中各层速效氮含量较淋洗前有所降低,然而两种控释氮肥处理的土壤表层却能持续保持较高的有效氮含量。     

除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响

在盆栽和大田条件下,研究4种除草剂对2个强筋小麦品种(“临优145”和“临汾138”)产量及生理特性的影响.结果表明,在推荐用量下,除草剂对成穗数、穗粒数和穗长的影响较小,对株高、千粒重、旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率及灌浆进程影响较大.2,4-D丁酯使旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率一直较低,千粒重降低;“巨星”在灌浆前期使旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率保持较高,灌浆中后期快速下降,并使灌浆持续时间相对缩短,千粒重最低,较对照分别低2.40g和0.84g;而“世玛”使灌浆前中期SPAD值和净光合速率较低,但下降相对缓慢,使灌浆持续时间分别延长3.48d和1.86d,“库”容增加,千粒重分别提高1.18g和1.05g,同时具有一定的降低株高作用;“骠马”虽使灌浆持续时间延长,但影响相对较小.除草剂对籽粒生长模型参数的影响,品种间存在一定差异,除草剂对“临优145”初始生长势、快增期和缓增期持续时间、快增期和缓增期平均灌浆速率影响较大,而对“临汾138”的这些指标以及总灌浆持续时间影响较大.分析旗叶光合特性、灌浆进程、千粒重及产量间的相关性,表明除草剂主要是通过旗叶生理和灌浆进程来影响千粒重和产量.图1表7参19     

农药在土壤中迁移的研究方法

农药对地下水的污染已日益为人们密切关注，本文详细介绍了用土壤柱和土壤薄层层析法研究农药在土壤迁移行为用于预测或评价农药对地下水污染程度的研究方法。