六氯苯对离体鱼肝线粒体抗氧化酶的作用

采用差速离心法从鲫鱼肝脏中提取线粒体,用不同浓度(0,2,4,8,16,32mg/L)六氯苯对其体外染毒30min.测定线粒体超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析其同工酶谱,并检测线粒体中丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果显示,SOD和GSH-Px活性及其同工酶的活性表达均呈现出低浓度六氯苯作用下被激活,高浓度六氯苯作用下被抑制的变化趋势.在高浓度六氯苯(32mg/L)作用下线粒体中MDA含量显著增加.说明六氯苯的毒性作用可能为一种自由基机制,即低浓度的六氯苯导致线粒体内活性氧自由基(ROS)生成量少量增加,SOD和GSH-Px及其同工酶活性由于氧化应激的诱导被激活;随着六氯苯浓度增加,线粒体内ROS生成量大量增加,并破坏了SOD和GSH-Px的抗氧化活性,导致其活力下降或丧失,自由基含量增加,线粒体脂质过氧化加剧.     

Rapid degradation of hexachlorobenzene by micron Ag/Fe bimetal particles

The feasibility of the rapid degradation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by micron-size silver (Ag)/iron (Fe) particles was investigated.Ag/Fe particles with different ratios (0,0.05%,0.09%,0.20%,and 0.45%) were prepared by electroless silver plating on 300 mesh Fe powder,and were used to degrade HCB at different pH values and temperatures.The dechlorination ability of Fe greatly increased with small Ag addition,whereas too much added Ag would cover the Fe surface and reduce the effective reaction surface,thereby decreasing the extent of dechlorination.The optimal Ag/Fe ratio was 0.09%.Tafel polarization curves showed that HCB was rapidly degraded at neutral or acidic pH,whereas low pH levels severely intensified H2 production,which consumed the reducing electrons needed for the HCB degradation.HCB degradation was more sensitive to temperature than pH.The rate constant of HCB dechlorination was 0.452 min-1 at 85℃,50 times higher than that at 31℃.HCB was degraded in a successive dechlorination pathway,yielding the main products 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene within 2 hr.     

Decomposition of hexachlorobenzene over Al2O3 supported metal oxide catalysts

Decomposition of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was investigated over several metal oxides (i.e., MgO, CaO, BaO, La₂O₃, CeO₂, MnO₂, Fe₂O₃, and Co₃O₄) supported on Al₂O₃, which was achieved in closed system at a temperature of 300°C. Catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation with different metal oxides loading and impregnating solvents. The decomposition efficiency of different catalysts for this reaction depends on the nature of the metal oxide used, and Al₂O₃ supported La₂O₃ was found to be the most active one. Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), and all tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB), trichlorobenzene (TrCB), and dichlorobenzene (DCB) isomers were detected after the decomposition reaction, indicating that the decomposition was mainly a dechlorination process. The detection of all lower chlorinated benzenes suggested the complexity of decomposition and the presence of more than one dechlorination pathway.     

加速溶剂萃取法评价土壤中六氯苯和五氯苯对水稻根的生物有效性

采用温室盆栽实验,选择红壤性水稻土和乌栅土,分别设定对照及添加1%和2%有机肥的处理,评价水稻根系对土壤中六氯苯(HCB)及其主要降解产物五氯苯(PeCB)的吸收富集能力,并比较水稻根中富集的HCB或PeCB量与4种溶剂(体积比3/1的正己烷/丙酮、乙醇、正己烷、水)提取的土壤中HCB或PeCB量的相关性,以评价土壤中HCB和PeCB对水稻根的生物有效性.结果表明,红壤性水稻土和乌栅土中,水稻根富集的HCB浓度平均分别为364.1和306.0ng/g,水稻根中PeCB浓度平均分别为12.7和28.7ng/g,主要原因是HCB在红壤性水稻土中的降解效率低于乌栅土.2种土壤中添加1%和2%的有机肥抑制HCB降解,因此降低水稻根中PeCB的浓度.水稻根中HCB和PeCB与4种溶剂提取的土壤中HCB和PeCB量的相关系数大小次序均为:乙醇正己烷/丙酮正己烷水,表明采用乙醇提取的土壤中HCB和PeCB量对评价其对水稻根生物有效性的效果最佳.4种溶剂中,仅乙醇提取的土壤中HCB与水稻根中HCB量呈显著正相关,而除水以外的其它3种溶剂提取的土壤中PeCB与水稻根中PeCB量均显著正相关.本研究表明,采用加速溶剂萃取法,通过选择合适的提取溶剂,评价土壤中HCB和PeCB对水稻根的生物有效性具有可行性.     

化学物质的Ah受体效应重组基因酵母检测法的优化

接有芳香烃受体(AhR)基因和芳香烃受体核转位子蛋白(ARNT)基因的酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae菌株是测定化学物质的Ah受体效应的方法之一.本实验通过优化各个实验条件,发现用0.2%葡萄糖作前培养液培养菌24 h,用2%半乳糖作化学物质暴露时的培养液,暴露在玻璃管时,暴露时间从原来的18 h缩短到8 h.并用已经优化的方法测定了六氯苯和五氯苯的Ah受体效应,得出六氯苯和五氯苯相对于TCDD的毒性等当量值(TEF)分别为0.018629和0.000294.     

腐殖酸强化六氯苯还原脱氯的作用规律

为探索厌氧条件下腐殖酸(HA)对六氯苯(HCB)降解的影响,构建厌氧发酵体系,设置ρ(HA)分别为0 mg/L(HA₀)、40 mg/L(HA₄₀)、120 mg/L(HA₁₂₀)、160 mg/L(HA₁₆₀)及200 mg/L(HA₂₀₀)的5个处理,并利用总有机碳分析仪(TOC)和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)对体系中ρ(HA)及ρ(HCB)的动态变化进行测定.结果表明,发酵系统运行96 h后,HA₀、HA₄₀、HA₁₂₀、HA₁₆₀、HA₂₀₀处理中HCB降解率分别为10.4%、15.9%、20.7%、23.4%和22.1%,说明厌氧发酵系统中,HA可以促进HCB的降解,但是随着ρ(HA)的增加,消耗单位HA对HCB脱氯的强化效果逐渐降低.分析ρ(HA)变化规律发现,添加HA的四组发酵系统运行96 h后HA降解率分别为29.05%、17.27%、10.98%和8.68%,说明在HCB发生还原脱氯的过程中,HA自身也会发生降解,并且随着ρ(HA)的增加,体系中HA相对消耗量逐渐减少.利用Origin 8.0软件对体系中ρ(HA)与ρ(HCB)变化进行非线性拟合,二者具有正相关性,并且整个发酵过程中,0~24 h内HA对HCB降解效率影响作用明显大于24~96 h.研究显示,在厌氧条件下,HA能快速有效促进HCB的还原脱氯.      

Serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the inhabitants of a Sicilian city

Background

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides are common environmental contaminants that have been associated with human health problems.

Objectives

To assess serum concentrations of several organochlorine contaminants in general population living in a city with an ancient agricultural tradition and to identify possible exposure sources in Sicily.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 101 individuals. Each participant answered a face-to-face questionnaire submitted by well-trained personnel and provided a serum sample which was analyzed for the concentrations of PCBs, HCB, HCHs and DDTs by using gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

Results

HCB, p,p′-DDE, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 were detected in more than 80% of the study participants. The ng g⁻¹ lipid median concentrations were: 18.6 for HCB; 175.1 for p,p′-DDE; 22. for PCB 138; 32.5 for PCB 153 and 23.0 for PCB 180. PCB 153 and PCB 138, PCB 138 and PCB 180, PCB 153 and PCB 180, and p,p′-DDE and HCB showed a high correlation each other (p < 0.05). HCB and p,p′-DDE concentrations were significantly higher in subjects >49 years old (adj-p = 0.03 in 50-69 years old and adj-p < 0.001 in >69 years old, respectively) whereas PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 concentrations were higher in males (adj-p = 0.03), in subjects >69 years old (adj-p = 0.04) and in current smokers (adj-p = 0.04).

Conclusions

The present study shows that serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds detected in subjects living in a small Sicilian city with ancient agricultural tradition are similar to those found in subjects living in urban areas of other countries. However, further investigations are needed to compare data from rural/urban areas in the same country, assessing correlations between serum concentrations of several chemical compounds and potential health effects in general population.     

TiO_2/AC复合催化剂的制备及其对六氯苯的光催化降解性能研究

以颗粒活性炭（AC）和钛酸丁酯为原料,采用微波辐射法制备TiO2/AC复合光催化剂,并对制备的催化剂进行了表征;采用该催化剂对六氯苯进行光催化降解,确定了六氯苯降解的最佳工艺条件,并就几种外加试剂对TiO2/AC光催化降解六氯苯的强化作用进行了探讨。结果表明,制备的催化剂中TiO2均匀分布在活性炭表面、呈单一的锐钛矿晶型,晶粒生长完善。该催化剂催化降解六氯苯的最佳工艺条件为：pH值为5、TiO2负载量为18.2%、TiO2/AC投加量为0.4 g/L、反应时间为60 min。在此条件下,六氯苯降解效率达90.3%。添加适量的H2O2、AgNO3、K2S2O8、KIO4和KMnO4均能提高TiO2/活性炭对六氯苯的光催化降解效率。5种外加试剂的适宜添加量分别为0.3%、1.0、1.0、0.1和0.1 mmol/L,对TiO2/AC光催化效率的强化作用大小顺序为：H2O2〉AgNO3〉K2S2O8〉KMnO4〉KIO4。     

N-acetyl-S-(pentachlorophenyl)cysteine,a new urinary metabolite of hexachlorobenzene

The present paper describes the isolation and identification of a new metabolite of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which is N-acetyl-S-(pentachlorophenyl)cysteine (PCC), frequently named pentachlorophenylmercapturic acid or 2-acetamido-3-(pentachlorophenylmercapto)propionic acid. PCC has been detected in and identified from rat urine. The syntheses of PCC and the isomeric tetrachlorophenylmercapturic acids (TCC) are described in the following paper.     

处理温度和时间对六氯苯污染土壤热解吸修复的影响

以山东潮土作为供试土壤,模拟HCB(六氯苯)污染土壤的热解吸试验研究. 考察处理温度和时间2个主要影响因素对热解吸后土壤中HCB的去除率及其热解产物变化的影响. 结果表明:随处理温度的升高和处理时间的延长,HCB的去除率逐渐增大,在处理温度400 ℃、处理时间10 min时,HCB的去除率达到94.2%;在处理温度450 ℃、处理时间60 min时,HCB 的去除率达到99.4 %,去除效果明显,w(HCB)达到HJ 350—2007《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》的A级标准限值(≤0.66 mg/kg);继续升高处理温度和延长处理时间对HCB的去除率改变不大. HCB的热解吸过程不仅是HCB的物理分离过程,也存在HCB的还原脱氯过程,HCB的热解产物主要为1,3,5-TCB(1,3,5-三氯苯)和1,2,4-TCB(1,2,4-三氯苯);处理温度450 ℃、处理时间60 min为该污染土壤较为合适的热解吸运行参数.