Metals in feathers of sooty tern, white tern, gray-backed tern, and brown noddy from islands in the North Pacific

Levels of heavy metals are usuallyhigher in adult than young birds because they eatlarger, more contaminated prey, or because they havehad longer to accumulate metals in their tissues.Further, levels of contaminants are usually less inbirds nesting on remote, offshore islands than inbirds breeding closer to mainland areas that areurbanized and industrialized. We examined the featherlevels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese,mercury, and selenium in adult sooty terns (Sterna fuscata), gray-backed terns (Sterna lunata), and brown noddy (Anous stolidus, and adult and young white terns (Gygis alba, fromMidway Atoll, and in adult and young sooty terns andadult brown noddy from Manana Island, Hawaii (chicksof other terns were not available). We tested andrejected the null hypotheses that metal levels are notsignificantly different among species, ages, andlocations. Despite their small size, adult white ternshad the highest levels of lead, arsenic and tin. Brownnoddies had the highest levels of cadmium, chromium,manganese, and selenium. Sooty and white terns had thehighest levels of mercury. Sooty tern adults hadsignificantly higher levels of cadmium, mercury, andselenium than young, while young had significantlyhigher levels of arsenic and manganese. White ternadults had significantly higher levels of selenium andtin than young, while young had higher levels ofcadmium and mercury than adults. Except for mercury,there were significant inter-location differenceswithin species in all heavy metals. Contrary toexpectation, where the differences were great, metalsgenerally were higher in the feathers of terns andnoddies from Midway than from Manana.     

柠檬酸及EDTA对土壤中六价铬的淋洗修复效果研究

主要研究柠檬酸和EDTA淋洗剂对六价铬污染土壤的淋洗修复效果,重点考察淋洗剂浓度、液固比、淋洗时间和淋洗方式对土壤六价铬去除效果的影响。研究结果表明：随着淋洗剂浓度的增加,柠檬酸淋洗剂对供试土壤六价铬的去除率逐渐升高,最高为54．0%,而EDTA淋洗剂对供试土壤的去除率先升高后降低,浓度在0．4 mol·L-1时达到最高,为66．3%;土壤六价铬去除率随液固比的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当液固比为7：1时,0．5 mol·L-1柠檬酸和0．1 mol·L-1 EDTA淋洗剂对供试土壤六价铬的去除率最高,分别为69．6%和61．9%;增加淋洗时间,供试土壤六价铬的去除率逐渐升高,2 h后增幅不大;就清洗方式而言,EDTA淋洗剂一次加入对土壤六价铬的去除效果最好,而柠檬酸淋洗剂宜采用二次加入一次分离的方式。     

铬-菲复合污染土壤的电动修复效果

为了解决常规电动修复方法对土壤重金属-有机物复合污染去除效率低的问题,采用向电解液中添加表面活性剂以及控制阴极电解液为酸性的电动强化修复技术,以Cr和菲为代表性污染物,研究电压和表面活性剂〔TritonX-100(曲拉通100)、SDBS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)〕以及阴极电解液pH对修复效果的影响. 结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)以阴离子团形式呈现向阳极迁移的趋势,菲呈现向阴极迁移的趋势;随着施加电压的升高,污染物去除率也会相应提高,当电压梯度升至1.0 V/cm时,Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)、菲的去除率分别达到34.3%、76.9%、12.7%. 在电压梯度为1 V/cm的条件下,控制阴极电解液pH为4.00时,Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)、菲的去除率分别升至45.1%、84.8%、23.1%;向电解液中添加表面活性剂后能提高污染物的去除率,其中,添加SDBS能够将Cr-菲复合污染土壤中Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率由34.3%、76.9%升至39.9%、82.0%,添加TritonX-100能够将有机物菲的去除率由12.7%升至27.0%. 研究显示,修复处理后污染物浓度均有不同程度的降低,充分表明电动处理时提高修复电压、添加表面活性剂以及控制阴极电解液的酸碱性可以明显促进污染物在土壤中的迁移.      

从含铬铝泥中回收铝的新工艺

采用"打浆水洗除Cr(Ⅵ)—电渗析除Cr(Ⅵ)—碱浸提铝—碳酸化分解法精制Al_2O_3"的新工艺处理含铬铝泥(以下简称铝泥),并回收Al_2O_3。实验结果表明:铝泥在70℃下经3次打浆水洗后,w(Na_2CrO_4)(以干铝泥计)降至5.0%;采用电渗析除Cr(Ⅵ)工艺可有效去除铝泥中以结合态和结晶态形式存在的Na_2CrO_4,在55 V直流电压下电渗析6h后铝泥中的w(Na_2CrO_4)降至0.98%;在碱浸温度为100℃、碱浸时间为3 h、NaOH质量浓度为150 g/L的优化碱浸条件下,铝浸出率(以Al_2O_3计)高达90.0%;经3次碳酸化分解处理后,Al_2O_3产品的纯度达98.65%,满足GB/T 24487-2009《氧化铝》中的一级标准,Al_2O_3回收率为96.37%。     

Printed in great Britain Cr(VI) and other metallic mutagens in fly ash and welding fumes†

Particulate samples taken from both the indoor (working) and outdoor (community) environments contain a wide range of metallic trace elements most of which are mutagenic in at least one of the short term tests for genotoxicity currently in use. Because of the demonstrated presence of a short lived biologically active species (Cr(VI)), and the uncertainty with which the results of the screening of metallic compounds in short term tests can be interpreted in terms of human risk, great care must be taken to assure the appropriate collection, storage, and chemical and biological assay of such material. The sensitivity of the results for fly ash and welding fumes to variations in these protocols is demonstrated and discussed.     

Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA

With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Pralls Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.     

测定废弃泥浆中的Cr(Ⅵ)的高效浸提方法研究

研究了废弃泥浆中的Cr(VI)提取测定方法并与土壤的浸提方法进行比较。结果表明,用0.1mol/L的KH2PO4为提取剂高速搅拌离心,分离提取液,可简单、快速、准确地测定废弃泥浆中的Cr(VI)。该方法的相对标准偏差为0.6%~2.5%,加标回收率86%~98%。     

铬在小鼠体内的蓄积效应与毒性

铬的工业用途很广,主要用于金属加工、电镀、制革等行业,这些行业排放的三废导致了环境铬污染,对环境生态和人体健康造成危害。为探究铬对动物的毒性作用,选择昆明种纯系小白鼠作为受试生物,研究六价铬在小鼠体内的蓄积效应及毒性。结果显示,饮用水中一定浓度的六价铬(15~70 mg·L-1)可抑制小鼠体重的正常增长,染毒30 d后,小鼠肝脏和肾脏脏器系数下降,脾脏和脑的脏器系数提高;总铬含量在心脏和脾脏中增高,其他脏器中无明显蓄积效应;铬染毒组小鼠骨髓细胞活性氧水平提高,骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率显著增高。结果表明,通过饮水摄入六价铬可造成小鼠肝肾损伤,心脏和脾脏内铬蓄积,并通过活性氧损伤效应破坏机体的遗传稳定性。     

薏米壳生物炭的制备及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能

采用限氧控温热分解法在不同温度下制备了薏米壳生物炭。研究了薏米壳生物炭对低浓度Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能及吸附机理。随碳化温度升高,薏米壳管状通道微孔结构逐渐显现,薏米壳生物炭表面芳香化程度增强。薏米壳生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附行为采用Langmuir等温吸附模型吻合度更高,吸附属于单分子层化学吸附,吸附过程是自发的、熵增吸热反应,吸附过程遵循准二级吸附动力学模型,膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制吸附过程。