铬渣中铬的浸出行为

采用BCR法连续浸提研究铬渣中铬的存在形态,结果表明:铬渣中总铬和六价铬主要以残渣态和可氧化态形式存在;通过铬渣动态连续浸提实验与静态浸提实验研究了浸提剂和活性炭对铬渣中铬浸出行为的影响,研究发现p H值为3.1的醋酸浸提剂浸出液中铬浓度最低,且添加活性炭后的静态浸出液中铬的浓度有不同程度降低。     

Simultaneous photocatalytic treatment of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and SDBS in aqueous solutions: Evaluation of removal efficiency and energy consumption

Simultaneous photocatalytic reduction of poisonous Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ions, coupled with photocatalytic oxidation of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were studied with a trace amount of commercial titania nanoparticles and by means of a direct-photo-irradiation reactor. The co-presence of metal ions and SDBS causes metal ions reduction as well as SDBS oxidation to enhance and energy efficiency to improve. XRD, XPS and FTIR analysis were used to characterize TiO₂ particles before and after usage with the aim of evaluating the mechanism of reactions. The effect of major operating parameters, pH and temperature, was investigated. Under conditions of [Cr(VI)]₀ = [Ni(II)]₀ = 5 mg/L, [SDBS]₀ = 10 mg/L, [TiO₂] = 40 mg/L, pH 6 and T = 35 °C; the removal efficiencies of 55.4%, 71.2% and 57.2% were obtained, respectively, for Cr(VI) and Ni(II) reduction, as well as for SDBS oxidation, after 110 min operation. The relevant kinetic model jointed with the Arrhenius equation was introduced. Pseudo-first-order reactions are relevant. Energy consumption (electrical and thermal) evaluations revealed that operations at higher temperatures provide significant cost reduction. Meantime, a criterion was proposed for a consistent assessment of this kind of processes.     

运行参数对水蚯蚓生物吸持六价铬性能影响研究

水蚯蚓能通过摄食剩余污泥而使污泥减量,但剩余污泥中常含有各种重金属污染物.本文以颤蚓科蠕虫(Tubificidae)为研究对象,以六价铬为典型重金属污染物,考察运行工艺参数:初始铬浓度、p H、水蚯蚓投加量和温度对水蚯蚓吸持六价铬的影响.实验结果表明,在研究浓度范围内(0.1~8.0 mg·L-1),水蚯蚓对六价铬的吸持速率随铬浓度的增大而加快,单位质量吸持量从14.4 mg·kg-1(以干重计,下同)增加到312.7 mg·kg-1,但六价铬的吸持率却随Cr6+初始浓度的增加而降低;p H从6.0增加到8.0,水蚯蚓对六价铬的吸持速率随p H的上升而提高,吸持率和单位质量吸持量先明显增强,p H达到7.5后逐渐趋于平衡,即吸持最佳p H为7.5;水蚯蚓投加量从1.0 g(以湿重计,下同)增加到5.0 g时,吸持速率及吸持率均上升,但单位质量吸持量却随着水蚯蚓投加量的增加而减少;当温度在10~20℃范围内时,水蚯蚓对六价铬的吸持速率相对较慢,到25℃时,吸持速率明显加快,吸持率和单位质量水蚯蚓的吸持量的变化趋势与吸持速率的变化相一致,但当温度达到30℃,水蚯蚓会大量死亡,综合考虑,处理系统最佳温度宜控制在25℃.     

Removal of Cr(VI) from Cr-contaminated groundwater through electrochemical addition of Fe(II)

The conventional chemical reduction-precipitation technique in the removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated groundwater involves a two-step process whereby Cr(VI) is first reduced to Cr(III) at an acidic pH by a reducing agent and in a subsequent step, Cr(III) is precipitated as insoluble hydroxide at an alkaline pH. In a variation of this method, Fe(II) is added electrochemically to the Cr(VI) containing water. From a pure iron electrode, Fe(2+) ions are released into the solution and bring forth the reduction of Cr(VI). At the cathode, H(2)O is reduced whereby the OH(-) ions entering the solution keep the pH of the solution in the alkaline range. This latter fact greatly facilitates simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and co-precipitation of hydroxides of trivalent Cr and Fe. On the basis of a set of experimental data, it is shown that this process is both thermodynamically and kinetically efficient, meaning, with the electrochemical method, rapid and nearly complete removal of Cr(VI) from a groundwater source with both high and low levels of Cr-contamination can be achieved. These factors make the electrochemical process superior to the conventional chemical process in remediation of Cr-contaminated groundwater.     

污染场地修复技术筛选方法及应用

污染场地修复技术的筛选是场地监管中的重要环节,修复技术的适用性直接影响场地修复效果及费用.确定最适修复技术时需综合考虑污染物特征、场地条件、修复费用及时间等多种因素,目前我国在污染场地修复技术筛选时多依赖专家赋值评分,在决策方法的推广上受到限制.本文在国内外相关研究基础上,考虑我国污染场地监管需求,提出土壤修复技术初筛及详细评价方法,并建立了修复技术筛选指标体系.为解决在各指标赋值及评价过程中存在的模糊性问题,利用可拓理论进行修复技术等级划分.以我国某铬渣污染场地为例,开展了土壤修复技术筛选研究,提出了最适的修复技术,研究成果可为我国污染场地监管工作提供科技支撑.     

高指数晶面TiO2对铬的吸附及光催化去除

由工业生产引起的铬污染是环境领域面临的一大挑战.二氧化钛(TiO_2)材料因其吸附催化的双重作用在铬的去除方面具有潜在应用前景.利用溶剂热法合成高指数晶面TiO_2{201},对其进行SEM、TEM、XRD及XPS表征,并用于Cr(Ⅲ/Ⅵ)的吸附及Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原,以达到从水体中去除铬的目的.所合成的TiO_2{201}为锐钛矿相,呈蒲公英状的层级结构. Langmuir吸附等温线结果表明,TiO_2{201}对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量分别为22. 7 mg·g-1和13. 2 mg·g-1,Freundlich模型拟合结果表明TiO_2{201}对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附均易于进行,其1/n均小于0. 5.在紫外光照条件下,TiO_2{201}作为光催化剂可将毒性较强且吸附去除效果较差的Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ),并以Cr(OH)3及Cr2O3的形式沉淀在TiO_2表面,XPS表征结果进一步证实了表面沉淀的存在.为探明TiO_2{201}光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机制,分别研究光生空穴淬灭剂(EDTA-2Na)和光生电子淬灭剂(KBr O3)对Cr(Ⅵ)还原效率的影响,证明Cr(Ⅵ)的还原是由光生电子引起.     

腐殖酸对砂质土壤吸附Cr(VI)的影响

利用系列摇瓶振荡实验,研究了在砂质土壤介质中腐殖酸(HA)对Cr(VI)还原作用及增强土壤表面对其吸附的影响.通过改变反应接触时间、pH值、HA投加量等条件,确定了最佳吸附反应条件.结果表明:砂质土壤中存在HA时,可使Cr(VI)还原为毒性较小的Cr(Ⅲ),明显增强土壤对可溶态Cr离子的吸附能力,比同等条件下无HA的土壤吸附量增大1倍以上.一般整个反应过程约8 h即可达到稳定.pH值对Cr的还原和吸附有很大的影响,酸性条件下的吸附量比碱性条件可增大1倍,最佳pH值为2～4;当pH＞5时吸附能力急剧下降,pH=10时吸附去除量降为20%.有HA存在时砂质土壤土对Cr(VI)的吸附反应为一级动力学反应,K298=0.033 5 min-1,砂土对CrO2-4的等温吸附曲线较好地满足Langmuir公式.     

不同物质对铬价态测定结果的影响

采用单波长法和双波长法,分别考察了KH2PO4、H3PO4、H2SO4、KNO3、牛肉膏和蛋白胨对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)质量浓度测定的影响。结果显示,Cr(III)和Cr(VI)在测量中是相互影响的,并且Cr(III)对Cr(VI)影响较显著。在单波长法测定中,牛肉膏、蛋白胨及2种酸对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的影响较钾盐对其影响更为显著,H3PO4和H2SO4对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的特征吸收峰值影响最大,降低幅度在20%～50%。这些物质对双波长法测定Cr(VI)几乎没有影响;但对Cr(III)测定中,H2SO4和H3PO4的影响较大,其相对误差分别为14.57%和8.87%,其余物质产生的相对误差均小于1.6%。因此,双波长法可用于生物样品中Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的测定,线性范围分别为0～160 mg/L和0～80mg/L。     

酵母融合菌对铬离子的吸附特性研究

酵母融合菌的完整细胞、细胞壁、细胞内含物富集水体中的铬,比较了各组分对铬离子的吸附能力差异,并进行了模型拟合.结果表明:细胞壁的去除率和吸附量都明显高于完整细胞;完整细胞及细胞壁对铬的吸附均符合Freundlich和Langmuir热力学方程,且细胞壁对Cr6 的最大吸附量和吸附亲和力都大于完整细胞,说明细胞壁是该吸附剂吸附重金属离子的主要部位.同时利用多种分析手段研究了各组分对铬的吸附行为:酵母细胞壁的特殊结构以及AFM图显示细胞壁可以为活性基团吸附、络合或螯合金属离子提供更为广阔的空间;X-射线衍射和FTIR分析检测表明吸附剂对铬的吸附并未破坏其本身的结构.     

Laboratory scale studies on removal of chromium from industrial wastes

Chromium being one of the major toxic pollutants is discharged from electroplating and chrome tanning processes and is also found in the effluents of dyes,paint pigments,manufacturing units etc.Chromium exists in aqueous systems in both trivalent(Cr^3 )and hexavalent (Cr^6 )forms.The hexavalent form is carcinogenic and toxic to aquatic life,whereas Cr^3 is however comparatively less toxic.This study was undertaken to investigate the total chromium removal from industial effluents by chemical means in order to achieve the Pakistan NEQS level of 1 mg/L by the methods of reduction and precipitation.The study was conducted in four phase Ⅰ,the optimum pH and cost effective reducing agent among the four popular commercial chemicals was selected.As a result,pH of 2 was found to be most suitable and sodium meta bisulfate was found to be the most cost effective reducing agent respectively.Phase Ⅱ showed that lower dose of sodium meta hisulfate was sufficient to obtain 100% efficiency in reducing Cr^6 to Cr^3 ,and it was noted that reaction time had no significance in the whole process.A design curve for reduction process was established which can act as a tool for treatment of industrial effluents.Phase Ⅲ studies indicated the best pH was 8.5 for precipitation of Cr^3 to chromium hydroxide by using lime.An efficiency of 100% was achievable and a settling time of 30 minutes produced clear effluent.Finally in Phase Ⅳ actual waste samples from chrome tanning and electroplating industries,when precipitated at pH of 12 gave 100% efficiency at a settling time of 30 minutes and confirmed that chemical means of reduction and precipitation is a feasible and viable solution for treating chromium wastes from industries.