公路立交景观设计研究

对立交景观设计的内容、原则、立交的规划布局与总体造型、立交线形景观设计、立交桥跨景观设计进行了论述。     

基于熵权-集对分析的山区丘陵公路边坡安全评价——以河南省修武县为例

针对山区丘陵公路边坡安全存在多种随机性、模糊性和不确定性因素等问题,优化改进了标准集对分析理论,并将熵权-集对分析模型应用于公路边坡安全评价中。以河南省修武县5处典型山区丘陵公路边坡为例,构建了由4大类共14个指标组成的评价指标体系,再利用熵权法确定各指标权重,最后通过单指标联系度、综合联系度等计算,得出综合评价结果。结果表明,1、4、5号路段边坡安全性较差,建议采取及时的防治措施;2、3号路段边坡大体安全,可留意观察,暂不处理。与传统方法相比,熵权-集对分析模型理念清晰、计算简单、准确度高、实用性强。     

公路隧道内纵向通风对火灾参数影响的试验研究

公路隧道发生火灾时易造成严重后果,纵向通风作为火场排烟降温的常用措施会改变燃烧的火源功率及相关火灾参数,影响公路隧道通风排烟的设计。利用按照弗洛德相似性原理自行设计建造的公路隧道火灾烟气输运特性研究试验台,研究了不同纵向通风风速下燃料火源功率、火焰形状和烟气层高度、距火源2 m人眼高度处一氧化碳体积分数、隧道横截面竖向温度及隧道纵向人眼高度处温度的变化规律。结果表明,所研究的火灾参数与纵向通风之间呈现非线性变化关系,火源功率在纵向通风作用下出现"双驼峰"现象,随风速增大,火源功率、火焰主体长度与亮度的变化规律相似,平均燃烧速度与一氧化碳体积分数、温度变化规律一致。     

Driver speed selection on high-speed two-lane highways: Comparing speed profiles between uniform and differential speed limits

Objective: Although a considerable amount of prior research has investigated the impacts of speed limits on traffic safety and operations, much of this research, and nearly all of the research related to differential speed limits, has been specific to limited access freeways. The unique safety and operational issues on highways without access control create difficulty relating the conclusions from prior freeway-related speed limit research to 2-lane highways, particularly research on differential limits due to passing limitations and subsequent queuing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess differences in driver speed selection with respect to the posted speed limit on rural 2-lane highways, with a particular emphasis on the differences between uniform and differential speed limits.

Methods: Data were collected from nearly 59,000 vehicles across 320 sites in Montana and 4 neighboring states. Differences in mean speeds, 85th percentile speeds, and the standard deviation in speeds for free-flowing vehicles were examined across these sites using ordinary least squares regression models.

Results: Ultimately, the results of the analysis show that the mean speed, 85th percentile speed, and variability in travel speeds for free-flowing vehicles on 2-lane highways are generally lower at locations with uniform 65 mph speed limits, compared to locations with differential limits of 70 mph for cars and 60 mph for trucks.

Conclusions: In addition to posted speed limits, several site characteristics were shown to influence speed selection including shoulder widths, frequency of horizontal curves, percentage of the segment that included no passing zones, and hourly volumes. Differences in vehicle speed characteristics were also observed between states, indicating that speed selection may also be influenced by local factors, such as driver population or enforcement.     

多因素下小尺度油罐火火焰倾角的研究

以柴油为研究对象,搭建了小尺度油罐火实验台,采用理论分析与实验研究相结合的方法,开展了有风条件下不同液位深度和罐顶开口宽度的小尺度油罐火火焰倾角的实验研究。结果表明,火焰倾角随风速的增加先迅速增加,然后趋于平稳。在相同的罐顶开口宽度和风速条件下,火焰倾角随着液位深度的增加呈现出减小的趋势。这是因为火焰微元在油罐开口处的速度随着液位深度的增加而增加,风速对火焰倾角的影响显著减小。当风速和液位深度一定时,质量损失速率随罐顶开口宽度的增大而增大,火焰倾角随着罐顶开口宽度的增大逐渐减小。     

山区高速公路空间郁闭度对驾驶员视觉及生理指标的影响

为了解高速公路空间郁闭度对驾驶员视觉行为和心理状态的影响规律,在山区高速公路开展室外实车试验,采用Dikablis眼镜式眼动仪和Varioport生理记录仪记录了驾驶员的眼动和生理数据,包括注视时间百分比、平均注视时间、扫视幅度、眨眼率、心电、心率、皮电等。结果表明,随空间郁闭度增加,驾驶员皮电和扫视幅度增大,眨眼率和平均注视持续时间减小,视点越来越集中。随着驾驶员的逐渐适应,空间环境对驾驶员的心理影响逐渐减弱。驾驶员主要关注中间靠左区域,目标物为中央分隔带和前方道路。开敞空间下驾驶员对右侧区域有少量关注。半郁闭空间下驾驶员皮电呈现规律性的波动,对于左侧区域的关注明显增多,对右侧区域的注视持续时间较长,视点集中点更远。     

油气管道盗孔补板修复结构强度分析

运用非线性有限元计算方法,对管道补板结构在内压载荷作用下的应力状态进行分析,研究管道补板修复结构的承压薄弱点与最优修复尺寸。研究结果表明,补板结构导致管道开孔附近区域内应力分布不均匀,出现局部应力集中现象;补板结构的危险区为补板与管体交界处45°~90°局部范围;与管道壁厚相近的补板壁厚和3倍孔径的补板长度具有更佳的修复效果。     

油气管道盗孔接管修复结构强度分析

管道打孔现象作为第三方破坏的主要形式威胁着油气输送管道的安全运行。焊接接管是一种常见的管道盗孔修复补强方法,但焊接接管导致管道几何形状突变,破坏了原有的应力分布。建立管道盗孔接管修复结构的有限元模型,运用非线性有限元方法对管道在内压载荷作用下的应力分布进行了计算。研究结果表明:焊接接管导致了管道开孔附近区域局部应力集中,且随内压增加应力集中面积逐渐加大;最大应力点出现在管道开孔0o处(管道开孔内壁轴向位置);在保证焊接工艺的情况下,较小的接管管径、与管道主体壁厚相近的接管壁厚具有更好的修复效果。     

阿拉善额济纳地区公路盐胀病害成因分析

阿拉善额济纳地区位于内蒙古自治区西北寒旱区,其境内哈温段与达来呼布至策克口岸省道S315部分路段在路面横向上不间断出现类似"天然减速带"的病害现象,严重处路面横向凸起高度约10cm,对行车安全构成极大危险.对病害路段基层、路基不同深度试样及路基坡面试样的化学成分进行了分析.结果表明,试样中氯离子质量分数与硫酸根离子质量分数之比小于0.3,硫酸盐盐渍化明显,为典型的硫酸盐渍土,盐渍化程度与路面横向凸起幅度相吻合,凸起幅度愈大,平均含盐量愈高,受日照持续时间长、强度大的路基西坡面路基土含盐量明显大于东坡面含盐量,氯离子质量分数远小于硫酸根离子质量分数,氯盐对硫酸钠盐渍土膨胀的抑制作用并不明显,可见阿拉善额济纳地区特殊的气候环境条件与工程地质条件使得路基土逐渐硫酸盐渍化并发生盐胀,是额济纳地区已建公路产生横向凸起病害的重要原因.     

Characterization and prediction of highway runoff constituent event mean concentration

Highway stormwater runoff quality data were collected from throughout California during 2000-2003. Samples were analyzed for conventional pollutants (pH, conductivity, hardness, and temperature); aggregates (TSS, TDS, TOC, DOC); total and dissolved metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn); and nutrients (NO(3)-N, TKN, total P, and ortho-P). Storm event and site characteristics for each sampling site were recorded. A statistical summary for chemical characteristics of highway runoff is provided based on statewide urban and non-urban highways. Constituent event mean concentrations (EMCs) were generally higher in urban highways than in non-urban highways. The chemical characteristics of highway runoff in California were compared with national highway runoff chemical characterization data. The results obtained in California were generally similar to those found in other states. The median EMC for Pb measured in studies conducted in previous decades was much higher than the current median Pb EMC in California. The lower Pb EMC in California compared to previous highway runoff monitoring is believed to be due to the elimination of leaded gasoline. An attempt was also made to identify surrogate constituents within a general family of water quality categories using Spearman correlations and selected pairs with Spearman coefficients greater than 0.8. The strongest correlations were observed among parameters associated with dissolved minerals (EC, TDS, and chloride); organic carbon (TOC and DOC); petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH and O & G); and particulate matter (TSS and turbidity). Within the metals category, total iron concentration was highly correlated with most total metal concentrations. The correlations between total and dissolved concentrations were all less than 0.8, even between total and dissolved concentrations of the same metals. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of various site and storm event variables on highway runoff constituent EMCs. Parameters found to have significant impacts on highway runoff constituent EMCs include: total event rainfall (TER); cumulative seasonal rainfall (CSR); antecedent dry period (ADP); contributing drainage area (DA); and annual average daily traffic (AADT). Surrounding land use and geographic regions were also determined to have a significant impact on runoff quality. The MLR model was also used to predict constituent EMCs. Model performance determined by comparing predicted and measured values showed good agreement for most constituents.